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THE 



Dated European Coinage 



PRIOR TO 1501 



BY 



ALBEET E. FEEY 



NEW YORK 
1914 



THE DATED EUROPEAN COINAGE 



PRIOR TO 1501. 



A. R. FREY 

P. O. BOX 1875 

NEW YORK CITY 



> 



ft/ 



By ALBERT B^ FREY. 





No. 179. 

THE EARLIEST DATED THALER. 



NEW YORK. 
1014. 



* 



THE DATED EUROPEAN COINAGE 

PRIOR TO 1501 



By ALBERT R. FREY 



HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 

Probably the most important incident that characterized the fif- 
teenth century was the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 
1453, and the consequent termination of the Eastern or Byzantine em- 
pire. The history of the other European States during this period 
while interesting, is insignificant in comparison to the rise and growth 
of the Ottoman empire. 

France and England finally reached an agreement in their struggles 
for supremacy, the English retaining Calais only. Hardly had this been 
accomplished when the House of York began to aspire to the crown, 
and by their ambitious views they inaugurated the u Civil Wars of the 
Roses." The House of Tudor under Henry VII began in 1485. France 
enlarged her territory under Louis XI by the conquest of Burgundy, 
Provence and Anjou. 

The three Scandinavian kingdoms, Denmark, Sweden and Nor- 
way were joined under Margaret by the union of Kalmar in 1397; but 
in 1435 Sweden withdrew from this arrangement. The Low Countries 
included a number of independent dukedoms, such as Brabant, Flan- 
ders, Grelderland, Holland, Zeeland, etc., which eventually became 
subject to the House of Hapsburg, and the seventeen provinces were 
united under Charles V during the succeeding century. It was their 
most flourishing period of trade, and Bruges and Ghent were the great 
commercial centres. 

Throughout the Holy Roman Empire the followers of Johann Huss 
of Bohemia refused to acknowledge the Emperor Sigismund, which led 
to the Hussite Wars, lasting from 1419 to 1436. In 1438 the line of 
Hapsburg succeeded to the throne under Albrecht II and a union of 
Bohemia and Hungary with the Empire was effected. His successor, 



2 The Dated Eueopean Coinage Prior to 1501 

Frederick III, however, could not prevent the newly acquired territories 
from electing native rulers. The most notable of these, Matthias Cor- 
vinus, King of Hungary, defeated the Turks at Vienna in 1485. 

In Russia Ivan I threw off the Mogul yoke and took the title of 
Czar upon his accession to the throne in 1462. The marriage of Ferdi- 
nand, the Catholic, and Isabella of Castile in 1469, led to the union of 
the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, and in 1492 Granada, the last 
Moorish Kingdom in Spain was taken and annexed to Castile. 

The Medici family of Florence were supreme throughout Italy dur- 
ing this century. Cosirno became head of the Republic in 1434 and was 
a patron of the arts and sciences. His grandson, Lorenzo, "II Mag- 
iiiAco," succeeded in 1464 and was a poet and writer of no mean rank. 
The House of Sforza flourished in Milan, Francisco being Duke in 1450 
and Galeazzo in 1466. 

The great theologians of the period include Johann Huss, Martin 
Luther, Thomas Cramner, and Erasmus. Savonarola occupies a place by 
himself. The principal writers were Francois Villon, the witty French 
poet; Sebastian Brandt, the author of the "Ship of Fools;' Hans 
Sachs, the shoemaker and poet of Nuremburg ; and Ludovico Ariosto, 
whose kk Orlando Furioso ' remains a classic to this day. The fine 
arts were represented by the brothers Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, the 
founders of the Flemish school of painting; Hans Holbein, the Elder 
in Grermany, and the three great Italian masters, Leonardo da Vinci, 
Michael Angelo, and Raphael. Kopernicus, the astronomer, and Machia - 
velli, the statesman, were also of this century. 

To Germany belongs the credit for the only great inventions of the 
age we are speaking of. Gruttenberg's name will always be associated 
with printing, and Peter Hele of Nuremburg invented watches about 
1477. The Portuguese on the other hand made practically all of their 
geographical discoveries and added vastly to our knowledge of Asia and 
America. The Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores were all dis- 
covered by them early in this century, and in 1444 they sighted Nuno 
Tristao, the Cape Verde islands of to-day. Bartholomew Diaz discov- 
ered the Cape of Good Hope in 1486, and the same point was circum- 
navigated by Vasco da Grama in 1498, who continued from thence to the 
East Indies. The discoveries by Columbus in the Western Continent 
are so well known that they need not be recapitulated. 

The dated Mediaeval coinage of Europe may be said to begin in the 
early part of the eighth century, on the conquest of Spain by the Arabs 
under Tarik in 711. There are a number of Spanish Mohammadan gold 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 3 

coins extant bearing dates or " indiction " numbers prior to the year 
one hundred of the Hijra with Latin legends of the type and character 
in use for some years previously in Africa. The earliest dated of these 
Spanish pieces and probably the earliest dated Mediaeval coin struck in 
Europe is as follows: 

Gold Solidus. Year 93 A. H. (711 A. D.) 
Obv. Margin ins. H2ADFRTIN2PNANNXCIII 

In centre, IN OCX 
Rev. Margin ins. INNDINND2N2D222 . . . NDSA 

In centre, An eight rayed star. 

These abbreviations may be translated as follows: — Hie SoLiDus 
FeEiTus IN SPaNia ANNo XCIII INDiCtione X IN Nomine Domini 
NoN DeuS NiSi Dei/.S SoluS Non DeuS Alius. There exists another 
positive date, that of the year 98 A. H. (716 A. D.) This is a bi -lingual 
piece with the date written out in Arabic. From the time of the fall of 
the Ommiades at Baghdad and the continuation of that line in Spain in 
the latter half of the eighth century, we have a very extensive series of 
dated Hispano -Arabic coins, those issued by the Almohades being 
about the only exception. 

Although the Christian nations had the example of dated coins set 
before them by the Mohammadans, they seem to have disregarded it 
for several centuries, and probably when they did begin to place dates 
on their money it was not Moslem influence that brought it about, be- 
cause in several instances, prior to the fourteenth and fifteenth cen- 
turies, the Christians dated some of their coins as we shall see later. 

It can be said that the Arabs began the practice almost from the 
inception of their coinage. The first pieces they struck were in copper 
in imitation of those of Byzantium. For the most part they were un- 
dated, but we find a few exceptions. We know of one with anno xvii 
(638 A. D.) This is probably an actual date and not a copy of some 
prototype, as others are found dated ka (= 21 or 611 A. D.) and st: (= 
23 or 613 A. D.) On the conquest of Persia in 610 A. D., coins based 
on the old Sassanian models were issued by the Arabs for that province. 
These bear an almost continuous line of dates in Pehlevi from the year 
20 of the Hijra, or 610 of our era, to the end of this especial coinage. 
The Caliphate probably began to strike money with regularity about 73 
A. H., or 692 A. D., when their own distinctive or "reform ' coinage 
as it is known, began. Since then all Mohammadan dynasties have 
almost invariably dated their issues. 

Foreign nations, in their relations with the Mohammadans, have 
seen fit to issue coins in imitation of Moslem money, and in the few 



4 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

instances of this practice in Mediaeval times these coins have invariably 
been dated, while the issues with Christian types have remained un- 
dated. One of the earliest instances is the gold mancus of Off a of 
Mercia. This is a close copy of an Abbaside dinar but with off a rex 
added, and bears the Mohammadan date 157 A. H. (774 A. D.) This date 
possibly may have no significance, the whole inscription being copied 
in detail, nevertheless it falls within the reign of this Mercian monarch, 
who, by the way, dated none of his own indigenous coins. 

In the eleventh century the Normans began to overrun Sicily and 
Southern Italy, and gradually drove out the Arabs who had been en- 
trenched there for several centuries. These later invaders issued coins 
bearing Arabic legends as well as their own Christian types. Those of 
Moslem fabric were invariably dated, the earliest being so poorly writ- 
ten that the legends are indecipherable. About the first legible coins 
are gold pieces of Roger I, Count of Sicily, struck at Messina in 485 
A. H. (1092 A. D.) He and his successors coined pieces with Arabic 
legends for a number of years, the dates always being in the Moham- 
madan era. On the other hand those pieces which bear Latin inscrip- 
tions are invariably without date. There is however a silver concave 
ducat of Roger II, struck at Brindisi, which has a regnal date. 

Obv. Bust of Christ facing, XIC. XC. RG IN. AETRN 
(Iesus Christies Regnat in aeternum) . 

Rev. Roger II and his son the Duke of Apulia jointly holding a 
cross: at right, RR SLE. (Rogerius Rex Siciliae) ; at left, R. DX. AP. (Rog- 
erius Dux Apaliae) ; in field, vertically, ANRX (Anno regni decimo) = 
1140 A. D. 

As the northern Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula grad- 
ually became stronger they slowly drove the ever -weakening Moorish 
dynasties before them. Alfonso VIII found there many Mohammadan 
subjects under his sway, and issued gold pieces with Arabic inscrip- 
tions. As the legends on these pieces are Christian in their sentiment, 
though based on the stereotyped formula used on Mussalman coins, we 
think it of interest to give a translation. 

Gold marabotin Alfonsin or dinar. 

Obv. Centre ins. The pontiff of the church of the Messiah, the Popje. 

ALF 

Marginal ins. In the name of the Father and of the Son and of 
the Holy Ghost, one God, He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved. 

Rev. Centre ins. Prince of the Catholics, Alfonso son of Sancho, may 
God help him and protect him. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 5 

Marginal ins. This dinar was struck in the city of Toledo in 
twelve hundred and twenty -three of (the era of) Es-Safar. 

Es-Safar or the Spanish era is reckoned from January 1, B. C. 38, 
being the year following the conquest of Spain by Augustus. The 
above piece was coined in 1185 A. D. There is an almost continuous 
line of dated dinars from 1223 Safar, through Alfonso's reign and into 
the time of Henry I, as we find one of these Arabic inscribed gold dated 
1255 Es-Safar (1217 A. D.) It is worthy of note that Alfonso struck 
a dated coin prior to his Arabic emissions. This piece probably com- 
memorates his entrance into Toledo in 1166 A. D. 

Silver obolus. 

Obv. In centre. Cross — crosslet + €(i$2X ffiOCQQQQC 

Rev. In centre. Cross WOrf^WVSI* (Toledo) 

The date 1204 corresponds to 1166 of our era. 

However, Alfonso and his successors did not continue the practice 
and there was a lapse of several centuries before they resumed the cus- 
tom. One exception should be noted — a large gold coin of Peter I, the 
Cruel, 1350-69, bearing the Spanish date 1398 (1360 A. D.) 

Gold, ten doblas. 

Obv. Bust of the king. + OOmiI>VjS i miOJcil i TZVXVrj}0^ : 

Rev. Quartered arms of Castile and Leon. Hh ^^^VjS ! O0I • 

rtxxxx • viii 

We now come to another series of dated coins, and, although not 
struck in Europe, they bear the dates of the Christian era. These are 
the gold dinars or besants with Arabic inscriptions struck at Saint Jean 
d'Acre by the Crusaders, in imitation of the dinars of the Fathimides. 

Gold dinar. 

Obv. Centre ins. There is but one God. 

Inner margin. The Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost. 
Outer margin. Struck at Acre in the year one thousand ttvo 
hundred and fifty -one of the Incarnation of our Lord the Messiah. 
Rev. Centre. Cross. 

Outer and inner margins. We are glorified by the cross of our 
Lord Jesus the Messiah from whom is our salvation, our eternal life, and 
our resurrection, and by whom we have been delivered and pardoned. 

Other dinars are known with the dates 1253, 1254, 1257, 1259. Sil- 
ver pieces exist, copied from dirhems of the Ayoubite prince Imad-ed- 
Din Ismail. 



6 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

Silver dirhem. 

Obv. Struck at Acre in the year one thousand ttvo hundred and fifty - 
one of the Incarnation of the Messiah. One Lord, one faith, one baptism. 
[The well known saying of St Paul, Ephesians iv: 5.] 

Rev, The Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost, one God. Glory be 
to God for ever and ever, Amen, Amen, Amen, 

The various Crusader principalities did not date any of their other 
coins. 

It is a remarkable fact that while the dinars just enumerated were 
being issued in the old Syrian town of Akka a unique coin with a date 
should have been put forth in the northern portion of Europe. 





This silver penny or denier bears on the obverse a bishop's hat 
with * M: ccxx . . . . i and on the reverse a crown with • anno domi 

It is described in the Danske Mynter as probably issued by Niels 
Stigsen, the Bishop of Roskilde (1225-1249) under Waldemar II. 
Mader, however, would read the date as 1248, which would bring it 
to the reign of Erik VI. Plovpenning. 

More than a century now elapses before another revival of dated 
coinage occurs, and in the following pages the principal specimens of 
this period are enumerated. The majority of them are not in the 
cabinets of collectors in this country, and consequently it was a matter 
of considerable difficulty to obtain accurate descriptions, as catalogues 
and other books of reference had to be relied on. Special thanks are 
also due to Dr. P. Weinmeister of Leipzig for supplying notes on many 
of the German series ; to Mr. Howland Wood of New York, who has 
contributed the information relative to the Mohammadan issues in this 
preface, and to Mr. J. de Lagerberg of Passaic, N. J., for his memo- 
randa on the Scandinavian coins. 

The arrangement followed is a chronological one, and for the sake 
of uniformity the side bearing the date has always been catalogued as 
the obverse, although this practice conflicts in some instances with 
prevalent customs in Europe. Minor varieties have not been consid- 
ered and medals are excluded. Lastly, the thaler of Mainz dated 1438 
(Schult.-R., No. 3488, Reimmann No. 2331) has been purposely omitted 
as it is now generally conceded that it was one of Becker's fabrications. 



LIST OF AUTHORITIES CITED 

Bohl = Bohl, J. Die Trierischen Miinzen: chronologisch geordnet und beschrieben. 
Mit 10 Tafeln. Zweite Aunage. Coblenz, 1847. 

Cappe = Cappe, H. P. Beschreibung der Colnischen Miinzen des Mittelalters. Dres- 
den, 1853. 

— Beschreibung der Mainzer Miinzen des Mittelalters. Dresden, 1856. 

— Die Miinzen der Stadt und des Bisthums Hildesheim. Dresden, 1855. 
Chalon, R. = Recherches sur les monnaies des comtes de Namur. Bruxelles, 1860, 
de Chestret = Chestret de Haneffe, J. de. Numismatique de la principaute 

de Liege et de ses dependances (Bouillon, Looz). Avec supplement. Brux- 
elles, 1890-1900. 
Farina = Die Sammlung Carl Farina, Coin : enthaltend Brandenburg-Preussen, West- 
phalen und die rheinischen Lander. Mit 6 Tafeln. Frankfurt a/M, 1893. 

Gaedechens = Gaedechens, O. C, von. Hamburger Miinzen und Medaillen. 
3 Bande mit Abbildungen. Hamburg, 1843-74. 

Gotz = Gotz, Chr. J. Beitriige zum Groschen-Cabinet. 3 Theile in 2 Banden mit 
2 Tafeln. Dresden, 1811. 

Grote = Grote und Holzermann. Lippische Geld- und Munzgeschichte. Leip- 
zig, 1867. 

Haller = Haller, G. E., von. Schweizerisches Miinz- und Medaillen-Kabinet. 2 

Bande mit 12 Tafeln. Bern, 1780-81. 
Hoffmeister = Hoffmeister, J. C. C. Histor.-krit. Beschreibung aller bis jetzt 

bekannten Hessischen Miinzen, Medaillen und Marken in geneal.-chronolog. 

Folge. 4 Bande. mit 9 Tafeln. Leipzig u. Hannover, 1857-80. 

Joseph = Paul Joseph. Goldmiinzen des XIV. und XV. Jahrhunderts : nebst 

urkundlichen Beitragen zur Munzgeschichte der Rheinlande. Mit 4 Tafeln. 

Frankfurt a/M., 1882. 
J. and F. = Joseph, P. u. E. Fellner. Die Miinzen u. Medaillen von Frankfurt 

a/M. Mit 75 Tafeln. Frankfurt, 1896. — Supplementband mit 11 Tafeln. 

1903. 3 Bande. 
Jungk = Jungk, H. Die Bremischen Miinzen. Miinzen u. Medaillen d. Erz bisthums 

u. d. Stadt Bremen m. geschichtl. Einleitungen. 39 Tafeln. Bremen, 1875. 

Knyphausen = Inn — u. Knyphausen, Karl Graf zu. Miinzen- u. Medaillen- 
Kabinet. 2 Bande mit 10 Tafeln. Hannover, 1872-77. 

Kohler = Kohler, J. T. Vollstandiges Ducaten-Cabinet. 2 Theile. Hannover, 

1759-60. 
Lietzmann, R. = Die Mittelalter Miinzen der Stadt Aachen. 
Lohner = Lohner. Die Miinzen der Republik Bern. 



8 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

Madai = Madai, D. S. Vollstandiges Thaler-Cabinet. 3 Theile u. 3 Fortsetzungen. 

Mit Kupfern. Konigsberg, 1765-74. 
Merle = Beschreibung der Kollnischen Miinzsamlung des Domherrn und Kurfiirstl. 

Praesidenten von Merle. Kolln, 1792. 

Meyer = Catalog der von deni verstorbenen Herrn Adolph Meyer-Gedanensis in Berlin 
hinterlassenen Miinzen- und Medaillen-Sammlung. Frankfurt a/M., 1894. 

v. Mieris = Franz v. Mieris. Histori der Nederlandsclie Vorsten, sedert Graf 
Albert tot den Dood van Keizer Karl V. 3 Bande. Graavenh., 1732-35. 

N. Z. = Numisinatische Zeitsehrift. Herausgegeben von der Wiener Numismatischen 

Gesellschaft. 
Oldenburg = Beskrifning ofver J. F. H. Oldenburgs Samling. Stockholm, 1883. 
Pichler = Pichler, Fr. Repertorium d. steierischen Miinzkunde. 2 Theile in 1 

Band. 6 Tafeln. Grate, 1865-67. 

Reimmann = Miinzen- und Medaillen-Cabinet des Justitzraths Reimmann in Han- 
nover. 3 Bande mit Tafeln. Frankfurt a/M., 1891. 

Satjrma = Die Saurmasche Miinzsammlung deutscher, schweizerischer und polnischer 
Geprage von etwa dem Beginn der Groschenzeit bis zur Kipperperiode. Mit 
104 Tafeln. Berlin, 1892. 

Schult. — R. == Schulthess-Rechberg. Thaler-Cabinet. Beschreibung allerbekannt 
gewordenen Thaler, worin auch alle diejenigen Stiicke aufgenommen wurden, 
welche in Madai's Thaler-Cabinet beschrieben sind. 3 Bande in 5 Thin. Wien, 
1840-67. 

Soothe = Soothe, J. C, v. Auserlesenes u. hochst ansehnliches Ducaten-Cabinet. 
Hamburg, 1784. 

v. D. Chijs = Chijs, P. O., van der. De munten der voormalige Heeren en Steden 
van Overijssel. Mit 21 Tafeln. Haarlem, 1854. 

— De munten van Friesland, Groningen en Drenthe. Mit 22 Tafeln. Haar- 
lem, 1855. 

— De munten der voormalige Graafschappen Holland en Zeeland. Mit 44 
Tafeln. Haarlem, 1858. 

— De munten der Bisschoppen, van de Heerlijkheid en de Stad Utrecht. Mit 
31 Tafeln. Haarlem, 1859. 

— De munten der leenen van de voormalige Hertogdommen Braband en Lim- 
burg. Mit 33 Tafeln. Haarlem, 1862. 

— De munten der voormalige Heeren en Steden van Gelderland. Mit 23 
Tafeln. Haarlem, 1853. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

1373 

1. Aachen. Long -cross Groschen of Jungheit. 

(Lietzmann 8. Farina 1960.) 

Obv. Long cross. Outer inscription: 2CG : VII>Gnn — SO : ^001) — 
7TI> X)I>im — GGGXiXXIII s Inner inscription: MOX> — 0^71 § — 

jBev. Bust of Charlemagne holding a sceptre and globe; beneath, an 
eagle and shield. * KftBOXiVJS s ^710 , — * I>V;3 s II?£0;£7OT. (sic.) 

Jungheit, also variously written Jungkeit and Junkheit, was formerly a borough 
near Aachen, the burggraves of which exercised the privileges of seigniorage, but at 
what period they obtained this right is not known. 

1374 





2. Aachen. Long -cross Groschen of Jungheit. 

(Lietzmann 9. Farina 1962. Meyer 7554.) 

Obv. Long cross. Outer inscription: XG : VIX>OI — XG : ^>0©I> 
— 7YX> X)I>I. m — OOOXi'KKXJJl: Inner inscription: MOX> — 0^7T * — 

IVX>G — ;^€[inn 

Rev. Bust of Charlemagne as on preceding. * K7T350XiVjS * £TOT<3 

— xyvjs s iiv£€[:e7OT 

1375 

3. Aachen. Long-cross Groschen of Jungheit. 

(Lietzmann 10. Farina 1963. Meyer 7555. Saurma 2802.) 

Obv. Long cross. Outer inscription: XO : VII>G . . . ;B€(©I> — 

7YHO : X)I>I — m o OOO o JjXXV. Inner inscription: MOI> — q'TTI | 

XVIiO — S€(OT 

Rev. Bust of Charlemagne holding a sceptre and globe ; beneath, an 

eagle and shield. K7TBOXiV3 >< ^7T0 — I>VJS s IIV£<3:H7OT. Minor 



10 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

varieties occur ; some have a Maltese cross * preceding the Emperor's 
name. 

1390 

4. Schonforst and Sichem. Gros-tournois. 
(v. d. Chijs, XXIX: 5.) 

Ob v. Long -cross. Outer inscription: TLTtRO D — OffiII)I — ffi • 

GOG * — * Xs~KKKK Inner inscription : MOI) — 0^71 — jSGO V — OH3 jSHH 

Bev. Arms, nine pellets in a shield. * ^TlTtl^X) * X)T}$ : £>€( : 

jso^ovo^isnn z jsig;r 

A manorial fief in Brabant where a seigniorial mint was established under the 
governorship of Reinhard I (1358-1391). Later it came under the jurisdiction of the 
Dukes of Julich. The name also occurs as Schoonvorst. 

1391 

5. Schonforst and Sichem. Gros-tournois. 

(v. d. Chijs, XXVIII: 3; XXIX: 6. Farina 1801.) 

Similar to preceding, but with date £I£. GGG. IiXX2CSCI. 

Issued by Reinhard II (1391—1419), successor to Reinhard I. 

1392 

6. Schonforst and Sichem. Gros-tournois. Similar to preceding. 

(Farina 1802.) 

1393 

7. Schonforst and Sichem. Gros-tournois. Similar to No. 5. 

(Farina 1803. v. d. Chijs XXVIII: 4. Saurma 2795.) 

1402 

8. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. 

(Lietzmann 13, 14. Farina 1966, 1967.) 

Obv. Cross dividing inner inscription only. Outer inscription: 
* TSIXQO § X)OMII?I 8 TOIXiri^iSimO § QQQQ % jS€(GViyOO. Inner 
inscription: MOI> — 0T7t § V35B § 7TQ0I? 

Bev. Bust as in No. 3. jSGjS § K^OIi' HXK — (^I>VjS : X®$#7Viy . 

Aachen, or Aix la Chapelle is mentioned as a place of seigniorage as early as 1166, 
when the Emperor Frederick I, erected a mint there and decreed that all other coins 
were to be accepted in this town according to their respective values. Vide Lacomblet, 
Urkundenbuch des Niederrheins, (I: 412). 

1403 

9. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

(Lietzmann 15. Farina 1968.) 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 11 

1404 

10. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

(Lietzmann 16. Farina 1968.) 

1405 

11. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

(Lietzmann 17. Farina 1968.) 

J406 

12. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

1410 

13. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

(Lietzmann 21. Farina 1976.) 

un 

11. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

(Lietzmann 22. Farina 1977.) 

There are varieties. In some the Emperor is holding a globe and sceptre, in 
others the model of a church. 

J4J2 

15. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

(Lietzmann 23. Farina 1978.) 

1418 

16. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

(Lietzmann 24. Farina 1979.) 

1419 





17. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8 

(Lietzmann 25. Farina 1979.) 

1420 

18. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. 

(Lietzmann 26. Farina 1980. Meyer 7559.) 
Similar to No. 8, with the date 8 CfGGG § XX 



12 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

1421 

19. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 
(Lietzmann 27. Farina 1981. Meyer 7560.) 

1422 

20. Aachen. Short -cross Groschen. Similar to No. 8. 

(Lietzmann 28. Farina 1981.) 

1424 

21. St. Gallen. Plappart. 

Obv. Standing figure of St. Gallus. JS7raTTVjS (OTZi — IfVjS. 
IR2R. 

Rev. Arms over a floriated cross. * MOH€(T7t: HOV7I: jS:OTOT: 

©TEDiEI. 

This groschen or piece of three Kreuzer was issued by the Benedictine Abbacy of 
St. Gallen, under Heinrich von Mangisdorf (1417-1426), and is not only the earliest 
dated Swiss coin known, but the first one bearing Arabic numerals with a Christian 
era. To Roger II, King of Sicily must be given the credit for first using the modern 
system of numerals in a date, as a silver coin of this ruler is known dated. 533 A. H. 
corresponding to 1138 A. D. As this is a coin with an Arabic inscription with the date 
in the Mohammadan era, it is not necessaay to describe the piece. Another coin of 
Roger II of a Christian type is mentioned in the introduction. 

In regard to the figures of this date it should be observed that 2 frequently ap- 
pears as Z in early works. Conf. Ars Memorandi, a block-book of circa 1430. X was 
the ordinary form of our present figure 4 until the introduction of printing, although 
Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa in his Liber Abbaci (written in 1202 and rewritten in 1228), 
uses a figure 4-. The mathematicians of the fifteenth century gradually straightened 
the old form and we find it as 9 and ^ ; in the succeeding century 4 appears to pre- 
vail. 

1425 

22. Koln. Groschen. 
(Saurma 2707. Cappe 1101.) 

Obv. Christ seated on a throne and nnder a canopy. Below the 
arms of Cologne and Mors. 7TI?0 8 X)X}1 8 m. 0000. XXV. 

Rev. Long cross, in the angles the arms of Cologne -Mors, the Palat- 
inate, Mainz, and Trier -Ziegenhain. TJ^CKOia' # — TZROm? # GOIr' 

Dietrich II von Mors was Archbishop of Cologne from 1414 to 1463, and he had 
jurisdiction over mints at Bonn, Deuz, Koln, Kbnigsdorf, Nonnenwerth, Rhense, Rhein- 
bergen, and Riehl. 

Koln (Colonia, Coin, Cologne) is one of the oldest cities in Germany and a Roman 
mint existed there in the third century. There are coins of Postumus inscribed col. 
cl. AGRIP. i. e. Colonia Claudia Aprippina, and varieties with col. cl. aorip. COS. mi. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 13 





23. Mainz. Groschen. 

Obv. Christ in a Tabernacle below armorial bearings: 71' 1)0 DI^I' 

— m • aaaa' » ssv 

Rev. Design as preceding: GOI>^ — 7EOI • 71 — i?G^I — M7I0' 
This coin was issued by Konrad III von Dhaun (1419-1434), who controlled the 
mint at Frankfurt a/M., and when the Electors of the Palatinate would not include 
him in their confederation they also selected a picture of Christ for their gold and silver 
coins. ( Vide note to No. 27.) 

24. The Palatinate. Groschen. 

Obv. Bust of Christ in a Tabernacle, below the arms of the Palat- 
inate-Bavaria. 7Yi>o * x)i>r — * m * oogo • ssv 

ifat>. Long cross, in the angles the shields of Mainz, Palatinate - 
Bavaria, Trier -Ziegenhain, and Cologne -Saarwerden. XsVX) — W — 
10' * G^ — & * DV- 2CSB7T 

Issued by Ludwig III, Elector Palatine from 1410 to 1436. 

1426 

25. Koln. Groschen. Similar. to No. 22. 
(Cappe 1102.) 

1429 

26. Gottingen. Kortling, a variety of Groschen. 

(Knyphausen 5507. Saurma 3906.) 

Obv. & over a cross. 7ERO: XXRI: ffi: GGGG: XXIX * 
ifcw. 0. ^OI>€( , IK>V7T >< 0OTTi;Q©€( * 

Gottingen evidently possessed a mint as early as the middle of the thirteenth cen- 
tury, as in a charter of the town dated 1268 there is mentioned a Bernardus monetarius, 
and in another charter of 1330 a solidiis G-ottingensis is referred to. In the chronicles 
of 1346 occurs the following: pro viginti et septem rnarcis et tertio dimidio fertone puri 
argenti G-ottingensis ponderis et valoris. 

The town must have taken advantage of this privilege very shortly afterwards, as 
Tilemann Friese, the Burgomaster of Gottingen, in his Milnzspiegel (p. 168), states 
that Kortlinge were issued there in 1360 and 1381 and specifies their weights and 
degrees of fineness. The name of the coin is probably derived from " Groschen," low- 
German " Grote," diminutive " Grotling " ; and by the transposition of the letter r we 
obtain " Gortling " and finally "Kortling," i. e. a fractional " Groschen." 



14 



The Dated European Coinage Priob to L501 



1431 

27. Bingen. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2488.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: 7YI>X>0 : X)mi : m : CCCC ■ 

XXXI * Inner inscription: moi>6{W7r : 811)03 * 

JBtet*. The archbishop standing, the arms of Main/ and Bingen on 

each side. aOXVK7T. 2E80fi. £1271. 

Konrad III von Dhaun was Archbishop of .Main/, from 141!* to 1 134, and he bad 
jurisdiction over mints at Bingen, Frankfurt a/M., Heiligenstadt, Hochst, Mainz, and 
Miltenberg. 

The name of the Archbishopric occurs as Macontia, Magontia, Maguncia, Magun- 
tia, etc. 

Bingen, a well known town in the grand-duchy of I lessen, possessed a mint as 
early as the reign of Charlemagne which was later discontinued. The Archbishop of 
Mainz revived the seigniorage early in the fourteenth century. 

1432 

28. Koln. Groschen. 

(Cappe 1103, 1104.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: * 7YX>PO + Dpi' mOOOO + 

XXXII + 0P * O. Inner inscription : * MOP^T^ .?. 3 VI>€T . 

Rev. The Archbishop standing ; to his right the armorial shield of 
Koln, and to the left that of Mors: T^ — ^OX)T TiUM *!' CO. 
Issued by Dietrich II. Vide No. 22. 

1433 

29. Gottingen. Kortlinff. Similar to Xo. 26. 



1436 




g^r^|^ 




30. Cleye. Double Groschen. 
(Farina 1517.) 

Obv. Cross, with W — K — — O in the angles, 
I>OV 8 GXiIV0X>^ s 7TI>0 8 DI>I 8 XXXVI 9 

Rev. Arms of the Duchies of Cleve and Mark. 
X)VX 8 aXiIV^I}' 8 3 8 GO 8 X)0 : SIM?' e K7T 



* mOP0T7Y 

* TrDor-^if 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 15 

Adolph IV (obit. 1448) was created Duke of Cleve in 1417, and Count of Mark 
in 1394. 

31. Hochst. Gold gulden. 

(Farina 3057. Cappe 604. Reimmann 335.) 

Obv. Arms of Cologne, Trier, and the Palatinate. * 711)1^0 * 

x)X}i * m oooo * xxxvi * 

Rev. Armorial shields of Mainz and Erbach on a long cross. TI?€(0 

— 7?#$g — m'KO'V — mo * X}0 

Issued by Theodoric I of Erbach, who was Archbishop of Mainz from 1434 to 
1459. Vide note to No. 27. 

This town on the river Main was annexed to the archbishopric of Mainz in 1351. 
Coins were struck here from about 1372 to the middle of the fifteenth century. 

32. Coblentz. Gold gulden. 

(Saurma 2616.) 

Obv. The arms of Mainz, Cologne, and the Palatinate. * T£T}T}0 * 

Rev. Quartered shields of Trier and Helmstadt on a long cross. 
B7YB7T' — 7T^G^' — TU30' * M — OX} 1 * GO' 

This gulden was issued by Raban von Helmstadt, the Archbishop of Trier from 
1430 to 1439. The mints under his jurisdiction were located at Berncastel, Coblentz, 
Ober Wesel, Offenbach, and Trier. 

Coblentz from its position at the confluence of the Mosel and the Rhine is referred 
to as Conflimge, Confluentia, etc., in early archives. In 1163 Gudenus in his Codex 
Diplomaticus Moguntiae (II: 16) speaks of a denarius aureus vel duodecim argentei 
C onfluentine monete. The city appears to have issued no coins from the end of the 
twelfth until the establishment of an ecclesiastical mint there early in the fifteenth 
century. 

33. Bachaeach. Gold gulden. 

(Kohler 1139.) 

Joseph states that gold gulden were issued by Ludwig IV for Bacharach in the 
Palatinate with the dates 1436, 1437, and 1438. Vide infra. 

1437 

34. Bacharach. Gold gulden. 

Obv. The shields of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne in a trefoil ar- 
rangement, in the centre a rosette. * 71' X}0 * X)T}V * HV * GGGG * 

Rev. Quartered arms of Bavaria -Palatinate on a long cross. ZiVDV 1 

— G' * £' * ^' — X)VX • & — MO 1 * B' 

Vide note to No. 50 infra. 



16 The Dated Eueopeax Coinage Prior to 1501 

35. Bacharach. Albus or Groschen. 

(Farina 2481.) 

Obv. Bust of St. Peter over the shield of arms of the Palatinate and 
Bavaria. 7T * OI?' * SIT * GO — OG • XXXVII * 

Rev. Shields in trefoil arrangement. * IiVDW • — Q' * ;£>' • 33G' 

— * OYS * £71' 

36. Biehl. Gold gulden. 
(Cappe 1071. Reiinmann 7405.) 

Obv. Shields of Trier, the Palatinate, and Mainz arranged in trefoil 
fashion. * 7T IK> * plff' * ftV * GGGG * XXXVII * 

Rev. Quartered arms of Cologne -Mors on a long cross. TI£€(0' — 
m?^ — GOXiO' — OBO' BI 5 

T^'c?c note to Xo. 22. 

37. Groxixgex. Gros. 

(v. d. Chijs X: 44.) 

Obv. Short cross with five -pointed stars in the angles. Outer in- 
scription: * £OT s I>Om0I> 5 OOffllQI s B^I>0X)IG^Vm s Inner in- 
scription : * 7YPO g X>I>I s m s GGGG g XXXVII g 

ifer. Arms, consisting of a double eagle over a shield. * £EOI>0 r T"7I 

Sometimes called Jager : it was a base silver coin of the value of two stuyvers. 

38. Kolx. Groschen. 

(Sanrma 2713. Cappe 1074.) 

Obv. Seated figure of St. Peter. 7T o DH' = M „ GGGG XXXVII 
Bev. Armorial shields of Mainz, Trier, and the Palatinate, arranged 
in trefoil fashion. = TI?€[0:0 7TBG^I QOXrOI?' 

39. Mainz. Gold gulden. 

(Cappe 605.) 

(96>\ The shields of Cologne, the Palatinate, and Trier arranged 
in trefoil fashion, in the centre a period. * 7X' PO * X)!}! 1 * £12 * 
GGGG * XXXVII * 

Bev. Quartered arms of Mainz -Erbach on a long cross. HD^^O' — 

K-&M& — mtxdV — MO' i>o 

Issued by Theodoric I of Erbach, who was the Archbishop of .Mainz from 1434 to 
1459. 

40. Maixz. Groschen. 
(Saurma 2495.) 

Obv. St. Peter standing. Inscription similar to the preceding. 

Rev. Quartered shield over three others arranged in trefoil fashion. 

T^OD. 7YJB0^I. m7T©'I>. 



The Dated Europe ax Coinage Prior to 1501 17 

41. Coblentz. Gold gulden. 

(Soothe 5:26.) 

Similar to No. 32, with the date * 7fflHO * ONI • M • GGGG • 
XXXVII » 

42. Tkiee. Groschen. 
(Saurma 2619.) 

Obv. Bust of St. Peter. 

Rev. Quartered shields of Mainz, Cologne, and the Palatinate. 

Inscriptions similar to No. 32. 

43. Liege. Billon plak. 
(de Chestret 310, 311, 312.) 

Obv. Cross potent, resembling Maltese type. + 7YNI>0:DOMII?I: 
MILiXr^jSIO : GGGGXXXVII : 

Rev. Quartered arms of the Bishop. + IOI? : 0;££ : Li^ODI^H': 
OX' : BVX'XiO : Z : GOM , rIOiS , 

Issued by Jean VIII de Heinsberg, who was the Bishop of Liege from 1419 to 
1455. They were also struck in the following year, at which time there appeared a 
half and quarter plak of the same type, and with but slight variations in the lettering. 
These are the earliest dated coins of the Bishopric of Liege. 

44. Bingen. Bader albus or Groschen. 
Obv. Similar to No. 27. 

Rev. Similar to No. 27, but with the titles of Theodoric I of Erbach, 
Archbishop of Mainz. 

1438 

45. Coblentz. Gold gulden. 

(Bohl 5. Farina 2315. Reimmann 7443.) 

Obv. The arms of Mainz, Cologne, and the Palatinate. * 7TI>0 * 
:OI>r * m' * GGGG * XXXVIII * 

Rev. Quartered shields of Trier and Helmstadt on a long cross. 
S7IB7I 1 — 71^0^' — av^V 1 — MO' * GO 1 

46. Coblentz. Groschen or Albus. 

(Bohl 6. Saurma 2620.) 

Obv. Bust of St. Peter. • 7f • XXR' * mQQ — QQ • XXXVIII 
Rev. Armorial shields of Mainz, Koln-Mors, and the Palatinate. 
* SmSTT — • TrBO^ 1 — TB€[V€r 

47. Hochst. Gold gulden. 

(Saurma 2492. Cappe 607.) 

Obv. Armorial shields of Koln, Trier, and the Palatinate in trefoil, 
in the centre a star. * 7TI>0 * X>IgC * SIT * GGGG * XXXVIII 

Rev. Armorial shields of Mainz and Erbach on a long cross. TI?€(0' 
— mSO^ 1 — MTTGV' — MO' , EO 1 — 

Vide note to No. 31. 



18 The Dated Eueopeax Coixage Prior to 1501 





48. Eiehl. Gold gulden. 

(Joseph 48. Cappe 1072. Keiinmann 313.) 

Obv. Armorial shields of Trier, the Palatinate, and Mainz, arranged 
in trefoil fashion. * 7TI>0 * X}I>X" * ftV * COCO * SSSVIII 

Bee. Quartered shield of Koln-Mors on a long cross. T330O' — 
TtK^* — COX'O — mC * KT /. e. Theoderieus Arehiepiseopus Col- 
oniensis, Moneta Bilensis. 

Issued by Dietrich II von Mors. Vide note to No. 22. 

49. Riehl. Groschen. 
(Saurma 2714.) 

Similar to Xo. 22. with COH * SUO * 3?I * on the reverse. 

50. Bachaeach. Gold gulden. 

(Saurma 2421. Farina 2476. Joseph 32.) 

Obv. The shields of Mainz. Trier, and Cologne in trefoil fashion. 

* tipo - Di>r mccccxxxvm * 

iiVr. Quartered arms of Bavaria -Palatinate on long cross. I*VX)Y' 
— G' ;£' . B' — *>VX B MO' B 1 (i. e. Moneta Bacharacensis) . 

Issued by Ludwig IV. Count Palatine from 1436 to 1449. He had jurisdiction 
over mints at Amberg. Bacharach, Heidelberg, Manheim, Nabburg, Neuinarkt, Oppen- 
heim, Yeldenz, and Wachenheim. Of these, the little town of Nabburg, north of 
Regensburg, can lay claim to the earliest coins, as biacteates were struck there in the 
reign of Duke Henry II of Bavaria, who ruled from 985 to 995. These bear the in- 
scription XAPPVEG. CIVI. 

51. Bachaeach. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2426.) 

Obe. St. Peter seated. * 7T * XXQ' * m * GG — GG * XXXVIII 

Rev. As obverse of Xo. 50. • Il'VOW' — • O * & * 12$ • »^S * B'— 

52. Gkoningen. Gros. Similar to Xo. 37. 

1439 

53. GrRONINGEN. GrOS. 
(v. d. Chijs X: 45. 46.) 

Similar to Xo. 37. and dated * 7TPO g DIXT s m s OGGG s XXXIX s 
There is a demi-gros of the same type and date. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



19 



1440 





54. Geoningen. Gtos; Similar to No. 37. 

1441 

55. Schonfoest. Groschen. 

(Farina 1630.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: * 7II>I}0 8 DOfflll?! 8 
miXf^jSimO 8 QQOQ 8 5H Inner inscription : * ^01)0^ 8 X}OV s 
jSOO0I>VO 

Rev. Arms of Julich and Berg. * (£>Q^R3$D 8 OVS 8 XVXs 8 Z 8 
mOX> 8 Z g GO 8 ^7YB 8 

Issued by Gerhard VI, Duke of Jiilichand Berg (1437-1475). 

1443 

56. Schoneoest. Groschen. Similar to preceding. 
(Farina 1631. v. d. Chijs XXIX : 13.) 

57. Bingen. Groschen. Similar to No. 27. 
(Farina 3058.) 

Issued by Theodoric I von Erbach. 

58. Bachaeach. Groschen. 

Similar to No. 51, but on some specimens the name of the Count 
Palatine is omitted. 

59. Riehl. Groschen. 

Similar to No. 22, with GOXi * SUO * #1 * on the reverse. 

60. Coblentz. Groschen. 
(Bohl 5.) 

Obv. Half-length figure of St. Peter holding a sceptre in his right 
hand and a key in his left. * 7T X)IV * m * G — GGG * XXiIXX * 

Rev. Quartered arms of Trier, Mainz, and the Palatinate, in trefoil 
arrangement. * MOI?0' — X>OV7I * GOV0' . 

Issued by Jakob von Sierk (or Sirk) the Archbishop of Trier from 1439 until his 
death in 1456. He was Chancellor to Rene, King of Xaples, and Bohl states that he 
paid his predecessor, Raban von Helmstadt, 100,000 gulden to secure the mitre. 



20 The Dated Eueopeax Coixage Peioe to 1501 

1444 

61. Eiehl. Groschen. 

Similar to No. 22, with OOXi * ffiO * KT * on the reverse 

62. Bachaeach. Groschen. Similar to No. 50. 

(Saurma 2427. Farina 2480.) 

63. Bixgex. Groschen. Similar to No. 27. 
(Farina 3058.) 

64. Kolx. Groschen. Similar to Nos. 22 and 2 
(Saurma 2715. Cappe 1106.) 





65. Coblextz. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2628. Farina 2318.) 

Obv. St. Peter seated. I7TKOB : m : GOGO : XX'IIII. 

Rev. Arms of Mainz, Trier, and the Palatinate in trefoil arrange- 
ment. MOI>0 : I>OV7I : GOV0. 

Vide note to No. 60. There are varieties with a crowned Y) (? Halberstadt or 
Hildesheim). 

66. Schoxforst. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2981. Farina 1632.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: + 7IXWRO 8 £>0£RII?I' 
ffill^^Iffi 8 GGGO s KXIIII o Inner inscription: + mOI>0^' o I>OV 
8 JSGO0I>VO' 

Rev. Quartered shield. + 0^7M?X)' o DVS s IVXi' o 3 8 mOT? o 
3 e GO o 

Issued by Gerhard VI, of the Duchy of Julich and Berg. The mint towns were 
Berg, Diiren, Julich, Miihlheim, and Schonforst. Vide note to No. 5b. 

1445 

67. Riehl. Groschen. 
(Saurma 2716.) 

Similar to No. 22, with £UO * ;SI * on the reverse. 

68. Bixgex. Groschen. Similar to No. 27. 
(Farina 3058.) 

69. Bacharach. Groschen. Similar to No. 51. 



The Dated Eueopeax Coinage Prior to 1501 21 

70. Baer. Florin d'or. 

Obv. Quartered shield of Utrecht -Moeurs upon a cross -pattee. 
* 7ERRO * DOMI 1 * HIQQQ * GXXiV * 

Rev. Three shields in trefoil fashion; to the left the arms of the 
Bishop of Utrecht counterstamped with those of Baer; to the right 
those of Utrecht counterstamped with Lathem; below the evenly divided 
arms of Utrecht -Moeurs. MOI^TI * I>OV7Y * 7IV^07t * B7I0S * 

This unique coin was issued by Walram cle Mors (or Moeurs), a disputant for 
the Bishopric of Utrecht (1417-1456). It belonged to Johann W. Stephanik and was 
sold with his collection in December, 1904, realizing 90 florins (about $37.00). The 
piece was described in detail by Alfred Noss in the Blatter fur Miinzfreuncle, 1904. 
Baer is a fief situated between the towns of Arnheim and Doesburg, and belonged in 
the fifteenth century to the Counts of Moeurs. 

71. Koln. Groschen. 
(Cappe 1107, 1114.) 

Similar to Nos. 22 and 38. Cappe catalogues specimens with in- 
scriptions in both Roman and Gothic letters. 





72. Geaz. Vierer. 

Obv. Double eagle. * MONETA . IN . GREX 45 

Rev. Arms. FRI . D.GR . IMPGRATOR . 

The issues of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick III (1440-1493) are de- 
scribed at length by Raimann in the JVumismatische Zeitschrift (XXI : 456) and by Dr. 
Luschin von Ebengreuth in the same journal (XLII : 137). 

The "vierer" was a silver coin current from the thirteenth to the sixteenth cen- 
turies, and had a value of four " Berner," hence its name. The latter term was applied 
to diminutive silver coins which were imitations of the deniers of Verona, called in 
German Bern, which must not be confused with the Swiss town of a similar name. 

1446 

73. Riehl. Groschen. 
(Cappe 1115. Saurma 2717.) 

Similar to No. 22, with date mQQQQ'KTi'Vl 

74. Riehl. Gold gulden. 

(Cappe 1073.) 

Obv. Half-length figure of St. Peter * 7t 8 DI>I mOOQa * KXiVI * 
Rev. Armorial shields of Trier, Mainz, and the Palatinate in trefoil. 
mOI)€[ * IKXV7I * ^IXi0 * 



22 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

1447 

75. Eiehl. Groschen. 

(Cappe 1109. Saurma 2718.) 

Of the same type as the gold gulden No. 74. 

76. Bingen. Groschen. Similar to No. 27. 

(Farina 3058.) 

77. Bacharach. Groschen. 

(Farina 2480.) 

Obv. St. Peter seated. " • 7T * DIff' • CT* • — GGGG * KXiVII' 

Rev. As obverse of No. 50. * MOI>€[' — * I>OV7I * — * B7TG^' 

Issued by Ludwig IV of the Palatinate. 

1448 

78. Eiehl. Groschen. Similar to No 74. 

(Saurma 2719. Cappe 1110.) 

79. Coblentz. Groschen. 

(Bob! 6. Saurma 2629.) 

Obv. Figure of St. Peter as on No. 60. * 7T * X)I>' * m * GG — GG 
* XXi VIII * 

i?gt\ Same as No. 60. 

80. Bacharach. Groschen. Similar to No. 77. 

1449 

81. Bacharach. Groschen. Similar to No. 77. 

(Farina 2480.) 

82. Riehl. Groschen. Similar to No. 74. 
(Cappe 1111.) 

1450 

83. Bonn. Groschen. 

(Cappe 1112.) 

Obv. Half-length figure of St. Peter. * 7Y s X)I>I mGGGG * Xi. 

Rev. As No. 74, but with the inscription: mOT}$ * I^OVTt * 

svx>x>0r>si3. 

The archbishops of Cologne had a mint in this town and undated coins are in ex- 
istence from the reign of Siegfried (1275-1297). Several issues of the fourteenth 
century bear the inscription signum ecclesiae Sancti Cassii Bunensis, in reference to the 
church built there and dedicated to St. Cassius. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



23 






1454 

84. Groningen. Gros. 

(v. d. Chijs X: 47, 48; XIX: 21.) 

Obv. Long cross with <£> in the centre. 211)1)0 
GGGG 8 IIIII o 

Rev. Double eagle over shield placed diagonally. 
X?OV7Y — GffODI^DJSIjS 8 

Double and half gros, or jager were also coined in this year, and it is to be under- 
stood that their issue was co-eval with all other issues of the Groningen jagers hereafter 
enumerated. Slight varieties exist ; the half omits the in the centre of the cross, 
etc. 

1455 

85. Groningen. Jager. Similar to preceding, 
(v. d. Chijs X: 49, 50, 51, 52.) 

86. Freiburg. Kreuzer. 

This coin is cited on the authorit}^ of Jenner, Die Milnzen der Schiveiz (p. 57). 
Possibly the date is a misprint for 1555, as the succeeding coin is dated 1559. 

87. Bolsward. Quarter escalin. 

(v. d. Chijs IV : 1.) 

A town of West Frisia, in which there are records of a mint as early as the 
eleventh century. Vide Xos. 88 and 89. 

1456 

88. Bolsward. Escalin or stuber. 

(v. d. Chijs IV: 2.) 

Obv. Cross with B - O - I - jS in the angles. 711)1)0 — OOffiX) o 
— o^o QQQQ — 8 I VI * o 

Rev. Double eagle. * mOD^TTT 8 DOVTlV D0 8 BOI^W0^ 





'^■Ciij 



89. Bolsward. Half escalin. 

(v. d. Chijs IV: 3.) 

Obv. As preceding. 711)1)0 — OOffil — I) £I)GG — GO o IVI, 

Rev. As preceding. * mOT}01Hl s £>€[ 8 SOIjSW^DI7t o 

90. Groningen. Jager. Similar to No. 84. 

(v. d. Chijs X: 53.) 



24 The Dated Europe ax Coinage Prior to 1501 

91. Holy Romax Empire. Achter. 
(X. Z. XXI: 462.) 

Obv. Monogram. + 7TPPO o OOmrpI I X = 5 = 6 
Rev. Quartered arms. I[i?IX)i?IGVjS. BOffi. XM£$& * 

1457 

92. Groxixgex. Jager. Similar to No. 84. 

93. Bolsward. Escalin. 

(v. d. Chijs IV : 4.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: * jSIT X>Offie[X> o DOffi!!?! 
c ^I^OIO' % Inner inscription: * 7YPPO D DO s mGGGO^VII 
Rev. Double eagle. * mOI>0nP7I IX)V7T a :8OX'jSW0;R:OI7r 8 

94 . Ober - S achsex . Turnosgroschen . 

(Gotz 3667.) 

Obv. The Landsberger arms, with cross in the centre. Outer inscrip- 
tion: IfloDIc ©B7IGI7Y c TVI?II>00 Iiftl)© Inner inscription: 
7OTNO c m o OGOG o H'VII 

jRet;. Thuringian crest. <£>;SO;3;3V;S e M7I^GI b MIjSI>0;p,SIjS 
The Margraviate of Meissen in 1423 became a part of Kursachsen and the above 
coin was issued by Frederick II, who received the sobriquet " der Sanftmiitige." 

95. Ober -S achsex. Groschen. 

Obv. The Landsberger arms supported by a lion. * 0;SOjSjSVjS o 

Rev. Lozenge -shaped arms. * W OI o 0^7TGI7T o 
A variety issued bv William III and first described in the Blatter far Milnzfreunde 
(163, 14). The figures of the date represent the earliest use on any coin of ~\ and a 
for 5 and T respectively. Both forms are to be found in various manuscripts from the 
thirteenth to the fifteenth century. The Ars Memorandi, one of the oldest European 
block-books, which goes back to circa 1430 has ^\ t and y\ y , and in a manuscript of Boe- 
thius, circa 1294 the forms J and /\ are employed. For X vide note to Xo. 21 supra. 

1458 

96. Graz. Achter. 

Obv. Arms. MON^TS — IH — GI^X. 58. 

Rev. Double eagle. V^X O' & ;£OM7T. IIVU^B 1 * 

An Imperial issue by the Emperor Frederick III. Vide Xos. 72 and 91. 

97. Graz. Pfennig. 

(X. Z. XXI: 462: XLII : 186.) 

Obv. JBXiZ in trefoil arrangement; in the upper angles, o\ — 8. 

Rev. Blank. 

These small coins were commonly known as " Schinderlinge." 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 25 

1459 

98. Graz. Pfennig. Similar to preceding, with oi — 9. 
(N. Z. XXI: 462.) 

99. Grontngen. Jager. 
(v. d. Chijs XIX : 22.) 

Long cross on obverse, otherwise similar to No. 37. 

1460 

100. Groningen. Double Jager. 
(v. d. Chijs X: 54.) 

Similar to preceding. The date reads: 7fIK> * — XXRI' *— £1*000 

— G • XiK % 

101. Wiener Neustadt. 
(N. Z. XLII: 186.) 

Obv. 6 + 0. i? and ^ all arranged in trefoil fashion; below, the 
letters T W. 

JRev. Blank. 

The letters T w stand for Teschler Wien. Nicholas Teschler was the mint-master. 

1461 

102 . Groningen . Jager . 
(v. d. Chijs X: 5b.~) 

Long cross on obverse, otherwise similar to No. 37. The date reads: 

7tRo g — xxRi'm — oaaa — s exi s 

1462 

103. Grontngen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XI: 56.) 

Long cross on obverse, otherwise similar to No. 37. 

1463 

104. Groningen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XI : 57, 58.) 

Long cross on obverse, otherwise similar to No. 37. The date reads: 
7T o — DI)!' — m ! GOG — C0GXI — II s 

105. Nimegue. Quarter escalin. 
(v. d. Chijs I: 7.) 

Obv. Long cross. 7^I>0 — X)tfXX — mQQ — XsXXll {sic) . 

Rev. Lion rampant. ffiOI^Tft I}OV7T I>OVim7T 

A town of the Province of Gelderland on the river Waal ; bracteates were issued 

here as early as the eleventh century. The name is variously written, Nijmegen, 

Nimmhegen, etc. 



26 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

106. Geaz. Vierer. 
(Pichler 31.) 

Similar in design to No. 72 but of larger size. 

107. Eiehl. Groschen. Similar to No. 74. 

(Cappe 1113.) 

It will be noticed that the dated coinage of the archbishops of Cologne ceases in 
this year and is not resumed for a period of nearly twenty years. Theodoric II died 
in February, 1463, and in the following month Ruprecht (a brother of the Elector 
Frederick of the Palatinate), was named as his successor. None of Ruprecht's coins 
bear a date and the mint at Riehl was destroyed in 1474. 

1464 

108. Bolswaed. Half escalin. 

Obv. As No. 88. 711)1)0 — DOmil} — mGGGG — XiXIIII. 
Rev. As No. 88. * mOI^7T :I)OV7t : SOJjjSW^DetR 

1465 

109. Sachsen. Horngroschen. 
(Gotz 3815, etc. Saurma 4389.) 

Obv. Diagonal armorial shield, with helmet, etc., above. ° ° 71 ° 
X) c o X)VG^ o ^STTK: c rnVB o Xi ° iUTZ^On o flRIJS. 65. 

Rev. Design similar to obverse, o W c X) o c DYS o jSTYX o WVR 

Issued by the Elector Ernest of Saxony, jointly with his brother Albrecht and his 
uncle Wilhelm. There are numerous varieties of mint-marks for Leipzig, Colditz, 
Freiberg, Zwickau, etc. 

110. Groningen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XI: 59, 60.) 

Long cross on obverse, otherwise similar to No. 37. 

1466 

111. Sachsen. Horngroschen. Similar to No. 109. 

(Gotz 3825, etc. Saurma 4390.) 

112. Deventer. Double gros. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII: 11, 12.) 

Obv. Quartered arms on long cross. Outer inscription: O^O * 0J} 
0HO^I7t — IP * $K — aOjjSIjS Inner inscription: 711)1)0 — XXQI' 
m — OQGO — XiTCVX 

Rev. Eagle over the two shields of Utrecht and Deventer. * ST20I)- 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 27 

Struck at Deventer by David de Bourgogne, who was the Bishop of Utrecht from 
1455 to 1496. Deventer obtained the right of seigniorage from the Emperor Henry 
III in the year 1046. 

113. Deventer. Gtos. 

(v. d. ChijsXVII: 13.) 

Obv. Quartered arms on long cross. 7tI>I)G — SDXXSXiQ — JSIO * 
QQ — GGXiKVI 

Rev. As preceding. * £1*01^71 I)OV7Y D^V^^I^ 

114. Deventer. Demi sou. 
(v. d. Chijs XII: 17.) 

Obv. Long cross. 7TI?X?0 — X)I>I' m — GGGG — If XVI. 

Rev. Eagle over shield of Deventer. * moi?0' * X)OV7T D0 , 

115. Deventer. Quarter sou. 

(v. d. Chijs XIII: 1.) 

Similar to preceding but has a short cross on the obverse, not divid- 
ing the inscription. 

116. Gottingen. Kortling. Similar to No. 26. 
(Saurma 3907.) 

117. Hessen. Grroschen. 

Obv. Quartered arms of Hessen, Ziegenhain, Nidda, and Hessen. 

Xs o x> o Miyrc^ftvivjs ;r7T;sjsi0 66 * 

Rev . Three crests; the upper one that of Hessen and below those 
of Ziegenhain and Nidda. ©djoBo DOMIT' o D0 o aY0€H)If o 0HH 
o X}Y 

Issued by Ludwig II, Landgrave of Hessen. He was born in 1438 and died in 
1471. Upon the division of the country with his brother Henry III in 1458, Ludwig 
took Niederhessen and the Earldom of Ziegenhain, but he was compelled to restore the 
latter to his brother in the year 1469. 

1467 

118. Hessen. Groschen. 

(Hoffmeister 132. Saurma 2238.) 

Obv. Arms of Ziegenhain on a slanting shield, with crest above. 
©ojjoljo aOMIW' o O0 o GV<^HS7T' <> 6A 

Rev. Slanting shield with the Hessian lion, a crest above. • TiX)($ 

Vide note to No. 117. There are a large number of minor varieties. 



28 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

119. Hessen. Groschen. 

(Hoffmeister 109.) : 

Obv. Same design as No. 117. 4- <s> ° Xi o GOMIT' o £>€[ ° GV©€[HI? 

6A 

ifcw. Same design as No. 117. + IfX)© o EftNWGBVIVjS • 

IRTrjSjSI o 

Issued by Henry III of Marburg. Vide note to No. 117. 

120. Sachsen. Horngroschen. Similar to No. 109. 
(Saurma 4391. Gotz 3835, etc.) 

121. Gottingen. Kortling. Similar to No. 26. 

122. Groningen. Jager. 

Long cross on obverse, otherwise similar to No. 37. The date reads: 
, TTIffiO s — X)I?I' s fiB — 5 GGGG s — £ JjXVII * 

123. Graz. Groschen. 

(Saurma 718.) 

Obv. Five shields of arms. (^OjSjSVjS II) + ©^00. 7ERO. JX67. 

Ifoy. Double eagle. * H^I + D + + ^Offi + BRE^STI. 

124. Holy Roman Empire. Kreuzer. 

Obv. Cross with eight angles. mOI>0 * 1)0 VTT * TZV^rj}^ * & * 
Rev. Double eagle. ^XO o SO Iflfce 7I0IOV 

The letters aeiov are supposed to have been the initials of a motto or favorite 
sentence of the Emperor Frederick III (1440-1493), and he frequently employed them 
on coins, seals, and historical monuments. 

Kohler in his Munzbelustigungen (III: 170 and 420) gives about sixty decipher- 
ings, both in Latin and German, many of them being utter absurdities. 

Schmid in the Clavis Numismatica (II : 8) is in favor of 

Auf Erden ist Oesterreich Unsterblich, or 
Aller Ehren ist Oesterreich voll, 

as being the simplest and probably the most accurate interpretations. 

Schlickeysen states (Munz-Abkiirzungen, p. 27), that the original interpretation is 
found upon a contemporary crystal goblet which reads : 

Aquila Ejus Juste Omnia Vincit, 

and adds that in a day-book or diary kept by the Emperor he had written : 

Austriae est imperare Orbi universo, 

and in another place, 

Alles Erdreich ist Oesterreich TJnterthan. 

So that these mottoes can also be accepted as contemporary explanations. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 29 

1468 





125. Hessen. Groschen. 
(HoiTmeister 113. Saurma 2276.) 

Obv. Helmet of the Landgrave diagonally over armorial shield of 
Thnringia. 4(9o^ ff GOMOT' £>€( o GV0€[H Ft o 68. 

Rev. Helmet over armorial shield of Ziegenhain. 25' X) <3 o 
Xi7ZWI}<2>'#KVl'V $ FtTv£>& 

Issued by the Landgrave Henry III (1458-1483), nicknamed " The Rich." Vide 
note to No. 117. 



:.n' 



126. Sachsen. Groschen. Similar to No. 109. 
(Gotz 3843, etc. Saurma 4392.) 

127. Erfurt. Groschen. 

(Lietzmann 395, 396. . Saurma 4636.) 

Obv. St. Martin on horseback. o jS7fflannVjS MT^TOHVjS o 

0£ijsao;£ v;s 68 

Rev. The emblematic wheel of the city upon a floriated cross. 
023OjSjSVjS o HOVVjS c €[SE[gOi?X)0HjSIjS o » 

The town obtained the privilege of coining money during the twelfth century, 
and this is the earliest issue with a date. 

128. Holy Roman Empire. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 124. 

129. Groningen. Jager. Similar to No. 84. 
(v. d. Chijs XIX : 23.) 

130. De venter. Double gros. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII: 14.) 

Obv. Similar to No. 114. 

Rev. Quartered shield of arms. Inscription similar to No. 114. 

J 469 

131. Deventer. Double gros. Similar to No. 114. 
(v. d. Chijs XVII: 15.) 

132. Sachsen. Groschen. Similar to No. 109. 
(Gotz 3849. Saurma 4393.) 



30 The Dated European Coinage Pkioe to 1501 

133. Geaz. Double Groschen. 

Obv. Five shields of arms. <s>BOjSjSV,S ° IX} — ©1$© ° 7tl>0 : 

Rev. Double eagle. * TBRX 3 = X) ° © ° ^omTERO . . . ° O I^^0^7T 

1470 

134. Geaz. Double Groschen. 

Obv. Five armorial shields under a crown. ©I^OjSjSVjS • X " A" II} 
— ©B0G • ffDO JXAO • In the field: 71 | €pCO | V' 

Rev. Double eagle. * flffl • b ♦ © ^ ; 7 • • ^Offig^O^Y^ • I^^0^ ' 

135. Wienee Netjstadt. Kreuzer. 
(N. Z. XXI: 464. Saurma 644.) 

Obv. Cross. MOI> — I)OY' — CDCV' — 1XA0. 

ifcw. Double eagle. * E[^IX>^IG'. BOM7TI?' * I. £. (sic) . 

In this insignificant town a mint was established as early as the year 1228. A 
reference is made in the latter part of the thirteenth century to the poor condition of 
certain pfennige issued at this place, and in 1307, 1354, and 1361 mint-masters are 
mentioned by name. 

136. Deventee. Double gros. Similar to No. 114. 
(v. d. ChijsXVII: 16.) 

137. Geoningen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XI: 61.) 

Similar to No. 84, with the date reading: TETffiO — DOMII? — 

maaa — a * irxx 

1471 

138. Geonixgen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XI: 62.) 

Similar to No. 84, with the date reading: 7T;QI}0 — , OOmil?— 3 

m s goo — a s ifHxi. 





139. Geaz. Double Groschen. 

(Saurma 719.) 

Obv. Five shields of arms, in the centre the letters 7I0IOV. 
©KOjSjSVjS. . . . H) . . <^0G 8 JJXtO *£Al 

Rev. Double eagle. ^gr o X) G XA ° #OmpXlO$CVm ° I^^0 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 31 





140. Wiener Neustadt. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 135. 
(N. Z. XXI: 464. Saurma 645.) 

141. Deventer. Double gros. Similar to No. 114. 
(v. d. Chijs XVII: 17, 18.) 

142. Duren. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2980.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: £I2OI>0nn o I>OV0 . TLTt o 
MGGOa XiXXI. Inner inscription: mop^T c DV;B0I?jSIjS. 

Rev. Figure of the Duke. <&QKK^ OVS = IVIfI7ra0I?JSIjS o 

Issued by Gerhard VI, Duke of Jlilich-Berg from 1437 to 1475. Vide Nos. 55 
and 66. A mint was erected at this town by Duke Wilhelm I (1356-1361). 

1472 

143. Deventer. Double gros. 
(v. d. Chijs XVII: 19, 20.) 

Vide note to No. 114. 

144. Wiener Neustadt. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 135. 

(N. Z. XXI: 464.) 

145. Graz. Half Groschen. 

(Saurma 720.) 

Obv. Arms. flROI}01i7r IX} G^00 o A2 

Rev. Double eagle. * 'BftXD ° X)0 o BO£ft7I im^0^7T. 

146. Groningen. Jager. Similar to No. 84. 

(v. d. Chijs XI : 63 ; XIX : 24.) 

147. Bolsward. Escalin. Similar to No. 88. 
(v. d. Chijs IV: 5.) 

148. Brabant. Double briquet or gros. 

Obv. Arms. jSTEDVV 8 flTTG 3 ^^Xsm 8 TW 8 X)X>M 8 *£A2 * 
Rev. Lions sejant. KTi'BOXi'V^ g X)€(I g <3^7t g OVS g BV^6 s 

GO g 5 g 

Issued by Charles le Temeraire, Duke of Brabant from 1467 to 1477. The ob- 
verse inscription is an abbreviation of Salvum fac populum tuum domine. 

149. Leeuwarden. Gros. 

(v. d. Chijs V: 1.) 

Obv. Long cross. TERQO g — DOmiX> — m s GGGG g — IfSXII - 

JS^v. Double eagle over diagonal shield. * n^OI>0^7T g I}OV7T o g 



32 The Dated European Coixage Prior to 1501 

1473 

150. Leeuwarden. Gros. Similar to preceding. 
(v. d. Chijs V: 3.) 

151. Groningen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XI: 64: XIX: 25.) 

Similar to No. 84, with the year: 7TOX>0 — DOMII) — ml 0000 

— iixxra. 

152. Deyenter. Double gros. Similar to No. 114. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII: 21: XVIII: 22.) 

1474 

153. Utrecht. Double gros. 

(v. d. Chijs XXIX: 6.) 

Obv. Quartered shield of arms. Outer inscription: * £ROI>€[T7I o 
I>OV7t o 0£IJS c W;S7n:€[aT€[:QjS. Inner inscription: 7TI>I}0 X)X}I o 
SU c OOOO o XiKKXXJX 

Rev. Short cross, surrounded by thirteen fleurs-de-lis in small cir- 
cles. Inner inscription: m^m — €[' ^O — X)I>0 — DftVXO 

Vide note to No. 112. 

154. Bolsward. Escalin. Similar to Nos. 88 and 89. 

(v. d. Chijs IV: 6.) 

Half escalins of the same year also occur. 

155. Brabant. Double briquet. 

(v. cl. Chijs XVII : 7.) 

Obv. Quartered shield of arms. jSTCDW s ^710 8 ^^Xsm 8 TVV 
s X)I>€[ o 71 e 1XAX c 

Rev. Two lions sejant, a crown between. * K7T^OIi 8 D0I 8 0^7T 

8 DX 8 80 8 B^7T 8 Z 8 Xil ° 

Vide note to No. 148. Struck at Antwerp: there are briquets of the same date. 

In the Blatter fur Miinzfreunde (1912, col. 4989), is described a mule (Munich 
Cabinet) with the reverse of the briquet of Maria, daughter of Charles the Bold, but 
dated 1474. Next to Jeanne d'Arc, Maria, Duchess of Burgundy, is probably the 
best known female character of the fifteenth century. She was born at Brussels, Feb- 
ruary 13, 1457, and in 1477 married the Archduke, afterward Emperor, Maximilian. 
She died March 27, 1482. 

156. Groningen. Jager. 
(v. d. Chijs XI : 65.) 

Similar to No. 84, with the year: 7TI>I>0 — DOMTR' — £120000 — 

ESXHH 



The Dated European Cottage Prior to 1501 33 

157. East Frisia. Half stuber. 

(Saurma 3301.) 

Ob v. Cross with stars in the angles. * D7T ° ^7TG0 y HI r o ill o 
OI0B o I>r 74. ^ 

Rev. Harpy. * 0I^O ° GO o #1^1 £13 ° Or 00' T7T 
Issued by Enno I, Count of East Frisia (1466-1491). 

158. Gueldres. Briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XII: 11. Farina 1739.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. * g B^I^OIG g ;R0;i30:o;OT7OTI g TV^ g 
I s X >< A s X 

i?<?^. A lion sejant, holding a quartered shield of arms. * g BTIJ?- 
OXiVjS g X)€(I a <M?7T g DVS a BY^G g ©€[;0 a 

Issued by Charles le Temeraire, Duke of Gueldres from 1473 to 1477. 

The Duchy had a number of mint towns, among them being Arnheim, Roermund, 
Nimegue (Nimmhegen), St. Andre (Straeten), Zutphen, etc. 

159. Gueldres. Demi-briquet, 
(v. d. Chijs XII: 12.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. 4- S^I^DIG g 7II7T g m$K g X)X?0 g IX AX 

JBev. Demi lion rampant. + K7Y^OXi a X>I s <^7I g OVS s :8V;B0 

s 00Xi a 

The obverse inscription is from Psalms CM: 1, 2. 

160. Gueldres. Briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XII : 6.) 

Obv. As No. 155. 

Rev. Device as No. 155, but inscription reads: * g K7t^OXi g X)0I 5 
0^7t g DVS g BV^ g G^rcO g 

1475 

161. Gueldres. Briquet. Similar to preceding. 

(Farina 1741.) 

162. Sachsen. Groschen. 
(Saurma 4394. Gotz 3856, etc.) 

Obv. Shield with lion. 4- 0;£?OjSjSVjS. IK>VVjS. mn^^XWV^. A5 

Rev. Arms. 4- 0. W. 7t. O. 0. DVG03 JS7IX. TV. Xi7T. mftBCTttjS 

(i. e. Ernestus Wilhelmus Albertus Dei Gratia Duces Saxoniae Thitringiae 

Langravii Marchiones Misniae) . 

There are a large number of varieties ; some have an error I^OVOjS and some of 

these and of the following years also bear the name of Margarethe. 

163. Groningen. Jager. Similar to No. 84. 
(v. d. Chijs XI : 66.} 



34 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

164. Bolswaed. Escalin. 

(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 1.) 

Obv. Cross with S in the centre, s 7CR;QO — b OOJKCQ — 8 

mOGOG — 8 IiSSV 

Rev. Double eagle. * mOI^TO 8 I>OV7Y BO^W^t^iy. 

165. Beabaxt. Double briquet. Similar to No. 148. 
(v. d. Chijs XYII : 6, 8.) 

Struck at Antwerp: there are briquets of the same date. 

166. Cleye. Groschen or albus. 
(Saurma 2932. Farina 1528, 1530.) 

Obv. Quartered arms of Cleve-Mark on a long cross. 7II^QO — 
Di>r m — GGGG — I-SSV 

Rev. Shield of Cleve over the diagonal shields of Mark. * IOIf£jS 
DYS o QXiXV o GO o m7TBK 

Issued under Johann I (1448-1481). There are also half groschen of the same date. 

167. East Feisia. Half stuber. Similar to No. 157. 

(Knyphausen 6336.) 

1476 

168. Gueldees. Double briquet. Similar to Nos. 155 and 160. 

(v. d. Chijs XII: 7: XXIX: 11.) 

The briquets and demi briquets vary slightly. 

169. Niieegue. Sou. 

(v. d. Chijs 1 : 8.) 

Obv. Long cross. 7II>I>0 — X)I>im — GGGG — IrXXVI. 

Rev. Double eagle in shield. * moUGjlHZ * I^OV7T * I?OV7IflOT- 

170. Bolswaed. Escalin. Similar to No. 164. 

(v. d. Chijs IV: 7.) 

171. Geoningex. Jager. Similar to No. 84. 

(v. d. Chijs XII: 67.) 

In the double jager of the same date there are varieties with © and ©-JJ-O-I). 

172. Deyextee. Demi sou. Similar to No. 114. 

(v. d. Chijs XII : 18.) 

173. Utrecht. Double gros. Similar to No. 153. 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII: 23.) 

174. Brabant. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII : 7.) 

Struck at Antwerp. Vide Nos. 148 and 165. There are briquets of the same date. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



35 



175. Liege. Double briquet. 
(de Chestret 346, 347.) 

Obv. Armorial shield of the House of Bourbon with three fleurs- 
de-lis, over an ornamented cross. jS7IXiW — ~HJiQ * ^O' — TW * 
X>I? XiXXVI. 

Rev. Lions sejant, a crown above. In the exergue three small 
flowers. * XiVOO' * D0 * BO^B' * €(££' * Xi^OD' * OVS * BVXi\ 

Issued by Louis de Bourbon (1456-1482). The obverse is an abbreviation of 
Salvum fac populum tuum domine, and is copied from the Book of Psalms (XXVII: 
12). There are numerous minor variations in the lettering. 

176. Wiener Neustadt. Half -groschen. 

Obv. Monogram with the letters 7T — — I — O — V between. 
* 7YITOO oOO-l]IoIoIoXolo6o 

Rev. Long cross with four shields in the angles. JE^IX) — ISIO 
(sic) — IlVffi — IM^ (sic) 

1477 

177. Gtkoningen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XII: 68, 69.) 

Similar to Nos. 37 and 84, with the date 7^1)0 — DI?I 8 m — 
aQQQXi — XXVII 

178. Sachsen. Groschen. 
(Gotz 3885, etc. Saurma 4399.) 

Vide No. 162. There are issues for Leipzig and Zwickau and half groschen of 
the same date. The issues for Leipzig have as mint-marks a cross, and those for 
Zwickau a sprig of clover or a crescent. 




.•Pfc 



K» 




»'.".» 
M 



-;-••' 
* 



1<S- 




179. Holy Roman Empire. Thaler. 

(v. Mieris 1 : 140.) 

Obv. Arms of Austria and Burgundy, surrounded by the chain of 
the Golden Fleece; the archducal crown above, separating the date. 

IX — AA >< M7TXI 9 g Z g M7t^I7t g X)€pC s ©^TT g OVX g Z g — 
DVOIjSjS' g 7IVjSrTBI0 b 8®' slrOW' g BB' s Z - 



36 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

Rev. Under a Gothic canopy the Virgin Mary holding the infant 
Saviour ; St. Andrew and St. Sebastian at the sides; (small double eagle) . 
TOT7T 8 ^VriG^7T 8 €[jS 8 TvMI — G7I 8 m$K 8 0$ § CT* — TtQVXiTZ 8 

noh 8 ^n\ 8 in 8 rr<3 

The oldest of all the dated Thaler. The marriage of the Emperor and Mary of 
Burgundy took place in this year. 

180. Gt6rz. Kreuzer. 
(N. Z. XLII: 187.) 

Obv. Eight -armed cross. mOX}. I)OV. XiQQT). J £77. 

Rev. Arms on shield. Ir^OI}!}. QOm. GO^IGI. 

Issued by Leonard, Count of Gorz (1462-1500). This appears to be the only 
coin of the fifteenth century bearing a date struck by this Austrian town. 

181. Brabant and Flanders. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII : 2.) 

Obv. Armorial shield. jS7DjW 57tG s ^XiO*' * WW * X>I>€[ 
JX77*. 

Rev. Lions sejant, crown above. * n37I;£?I7I $ X)VGIjSjS7T s B©' - 

There are a large number of varieties ; those for Brabant were generally struck at 
Antwerp, and those for Flanders frequently have a thistle in the exergue. (There is 
one with CCSClBIS 8 X)€(l 8 8 etc., issued for Brabant.) There are briquets of 
the same year. 

182. Utrecht. Double gros. 

(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 24.) 

Obv. Quartered shield of arms. Outer inscription: * n3OI?0nn7I o 
DOV7I o 0£IjS c W;Q7n:€(aT0;RjS Inner inscription: TORINO XXQI. 
raGGGGXiXXVII 

Rev. Short cross; thirteen fleurs-de-lis in a circle. X)7IVID 
m0m0TO €>!>€( 

Issued by David de Bourgogne (1455-1496) Bishop of Utrecht. There are sin- 
gles of the same date. The coin is sometimes called a " Davidstuyver." 

183. Sneek. Escalin. 

(v. d. Chijs XXII : 1.) 

Obv. Long cross with J3 in centre. 7TI)I>0 — DOSIUCQ — ffiGGGG 
— JjSSYH. 

Rev. Arms on shield. * OiOXi&lXR 8 I?OV7T 8 jSI}0;30I7;3IjS. 

A town of Frisia, which, like Bolsward, obtained the privilege of issuing coins. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 37 

1478 

184. Bolsward. Escalin. 

(v. d. Chijs IV : 9.) 

Obv. Long cross with B in the centre. TLTlTlO — £>I}1 8 m / GGGG o 
If / XXVIII 

Rev. Double eagle. * ^01^71 8 IK>V7T 8 303jJSW^X)€tR 

185. Brabant and Flanders. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII: 2; XVIII: 3, 4.) 

Similar to No. 181. There are briquets of the same date. Varieties 
occur, struck for Zeeland and Limburg, with 

Obv. * B0I>0OIG 8 I?3;33DIT7OTI 8 TVel § K 1&A8 

JKev. * OCT^I^ § £>€p[ 8 8 DVGIjSjS 8 B<3 8 S^THS 8 Z 8 Xil. 

The deniers and smaller coins usually have on the reverse a letter M in orna- 
mental border. 




4 ! Vii# 



J Litis** 






186. Utrecht. Double gros. 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 26, 27.) 

Similar to No. 182. The single gros occurs with the same date. 

187. Utrecht. Stuyver. 

(v. d. Chijs XXV: 4.) 

Obv. Long cross, flowers in the angles. 2EQI?0 — £TCGGG — GXiXX 
— VIII. 

Rev. Arms of the city on a shield. * GIVOT7TJS 8 Hn^7TI0Gnn^I}iSIiS 8 

188. Holland. Briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XV : 9 ; XVI : 16.) 

Obv. Short ornamented cross. * :8€tR€[X)IG * etc., as No. 185. 

Rev. Lion sejant holding shield. * mTi^TK % OVaijSjSft t 30 I 
GOtflOT I SO 

Issued under Marie de Bourgogne ; there is a gros of the same date. 

Holland as a County or Earldom was productive of coins as far back as the twelfth 
century, and retained the privilege of seigniorage until about the middle of the sixteenth. 

189. Sachsen. Groschen. 
(Gotz 3893. Saurma 4395.) 

Similar to Nos. 162 and 178. There are also half groschen of the 
same date. 



38 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

190. Liege. Double briquet. Similar to No. 175. 
(de Chestret 348.) 

191. Wiener Neustadt. Half groschen. Similar to No. 176. 

192. Gtraz. Kreuzer of the value of four Pfennig. Similar to No. 
123. 

193. Sweden. Oertug (Oldenburg 198) . 

Obv. Shield with three crowns ; jS above. * HOI>0nP7T x ^^OG^ >< 
JXA8 

Rev. Bust. 8 g jSGjS 8 0BIGV3 s B^XX s 

The earliest dated coins of Sweden, issued by Sten Sture the Elder. The half 
oertug occurs with the same date written only as A8, and also with a large crown on 
the obverse and a letter S on the reverse. Vide Numismatiska Moddelanden, (1 : 19). 

This was a national coinage and not a local or municipal one as the obverse in- 
scription would appear to indicate. The name of the coin is derived from a Xorse 
word, eyrir, meaning a weight, and Latinized ova or hora. 

191. Gueldres. Briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XIV : 2.) 

Obv. Long cross with flowers in the angles. 7TI>I>0 ! X)T}1 1 SIl i 
GQQQ % XiXXVIII 

Rev. Armorial shield with a small star above. * K7T^OXi I DVS t 
00Xi I IVIi ! ZGO I ZV 




•M :m 






195. Hasselt. Briquet, 
(de Chestret 351.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. * BP'DIG >< ^0B0t>OT7TTO * TV0 >< 

Rev. Rampant lion holding armorial shield. * ST20 * €frs>I * Xi^O- 
X)'I€[I>' VJiCWTi * J?7TiSJS€[X:T 

Hasselt in Brabant, near Lille, was a town under the jurisdiction of the Bishops 
of Liege, and must not be confused with the town of the same name in Overyssel. In 
1411 John of Bavaria confirmed the ancient privileges of the mint-masters, and his ex- 
ample was followed by his successors. 

De Chestret gives a variety dated 1476, but does not state where such a specimen 
exists. 



The Dated European Coinage Peioe to 1501 



39 



1479 





w 

•/, - 




196. Tyeol. Thaler. 

(Madai 384(3, 3847. Reimmann 4283, 4285.) 

Obv. Laureated bust of the Emperor Maximilian I, separating ^TTI 
( J4 below) — TI3. J 9 (79 below) : with the inscription: e M7TS:iMIX:I7riI9 
• M7T0N7TNIM9 . 7TBO^I OVS • TTVJST^I^... ^BV^GVIID 

i?6T. Bust of Marie cle Bourgogne with large steeple-crowned hood, 
separating 0VK — TIjS. ZO ; with the inscription: * M7I^I7Y • K7T^- 

There exist minor varieties. 





197. Tyeol. Thaler. 

(v. Mieris I: 152. Madai 1371. Reimmann 4284.) 

Obv. Bust of Marie de Bourgogne, separating ' ^TOT — 13" ' ZO ' 
and underneath the bust, the date J 479. Inscription same as reverse of 
No. 196. 

Rev. Laureated bust of the Emperor, separating €(^77 — TIS * \9 ' 
Inscription same as obverse of No. 196. 

This thaler is by Gian. Marco Cavalli. and although dated 1479 was in reality 
struck at Hall in Tyrol in 1506, and was engraved after a medal by Jean de Candida. 
The half thaler (Madai 6694) of the same date reads G£H?OXX 



40 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

198. Deventee. Double gros. 

(v. d. Chijs XII: 70, 71.) 

Obv. Floriated cross cutting the date and charged with the shield 
of Deventer. 7ER;RO — XXRI'flR — OGGG — XiXXIX. 

Rev. The shields of Deventer, Campen, and Groningen arranged in 
a triangle with o°o + £T*OI>0 8 I>OV7I 8 X)$ 8 X)7V7QTW^TR 

Struck at Deventer but issued by the three towns, Deventer, Campen, and Gron- 
ingen. 

199. Deventee. Demi sou. Similar to No. 114. 

(v. d. Chijs XII; 19.) 

200. Holland. Briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XV : 1; XVI: 10, 12, 17.) 

Vide note to No. 188. 

201. Uteecht. Double gros. Similar to No. 182. 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 28.) 

There is also a gros of the same date. 

202. Zutphen. Demi albus or half groschen. 

Obv. Cross, bearing in a heart the shield of Gueldres. TLTf D' — 

m* ao — aa* Ti — xxix. 

Rev. Shield with the lion of Schwarzbourg, underneath the small 
inclined shield of Zutphen. * ffiOI>^' * IK>V7i: — >< 3VT;£I?7ER€( 

Issued by Henri III de Schwarzbourg, Bishop of Munster from 1466 to 1496. 

Vide note to No. 158. 

203. Hasselt. Briquet. Similar to No. 195. 
(de Chestret 353.) 

204. Wienee Neustadt. Half groschen. Similar to No. 176. 





205. Beabant and Flandees. Double briquet. Similar to No. 181. 
There are briquets of the same date. 

206. Cleve. Double groschen. 
(Farina 1531. Saurma 2928.) 

Obv. As No. 166, with 7TI>X?0 • — * DOMI' » • m • OOOO — 

XiXXIX 

Rev. As No. 166. * ICXRjS' • OVX • OXiXV$Q& • 0T • GO' » 

M7MSK' • 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 41 

207. Cleve. Groschen. 

Obv. As No. 166. 711)1)0 DO^I HWGGG XiXXIX 

Ifcw. As No. 166. ICXRjS' OYS GIilV Z GO' m^Tt 1 * 

Heretofore undescribed and probably unique. From the Erfurt "find" of 1905. 
Acquired by Dr. Jur. Theodor Kirsch of Dusseldorf, and sold with his collection on 
April 15, 1912 (No. 1096). 

In February, 1905, there were discovered during excavations in the Marktstrasse 
at Erfurt, about 6000 groschen, as well as many other coins of the fifteenth century. 

208. Liege. Double briquet. Similar to No. 175. 

(de Chestret 350.) 

1480 

209. Ztjtphen. Groschen or albus. Similar to No. 202. 

(v. d. Chijs VI: 1; XIII: 1.) 

There is a demi albus of this year of almost the same type. 

210. Brabant. Double briquet. Similar to No. 185. 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII: 5.) 

Struck at Antwerp. The briquet, gros, and demi gros occur with the same date. 

211. Flanders. Double briquet. The designs are as on No. 181. 
(v. d. Chijs XV : 3, 4.) 

Obv. * jSTCZrW I 57tG I &&XiSU t TW S X>I>€[ J 480. 

Rev. * mTL-QTR % X)VGIjSjS7t I B@ I GO£ROT t flXi. 

212. Gtueldres. Gros. 

(v. d. Chijs XIV : 3.) 

Obv. Long cross cutting the date, a lion in each angle. 711)1)0 + 
— OI)I 4- HI — GGGG 4- — IrXXX + 

Rev. Divided shield with the lions of Gtueldres and Juliers ; under- 
neath a star. * KTESOIr I OVX 1 00Xi S XVXi JZGOJ 3V. 

Struck at Roermond by Catherine de Bourbon, during the minority of her son, 
Charles d'Egmond. 

213. Gottingen. Kortling. Similar to No. 26. 

214. Sachsen. Groschen. Similar to Nos. 162 and 178. 

215. Mors. Groschen. 

Obv. Short cross dividing 7EQO — OI HI 8 — GGGG — MSX. 
Outer circle of shields. 

Rev. Quartered shield of Mors-Saarwerden, a star above. Outer 
inscription: * ffiOI)€[^7t * DOYTT * ffiO€[:QjS <, Inner inscription: 

* vii)G * go * moetgjs * ^nn * ^tt o 



42 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

Issued by Vincent, Count of Mors (1448-1493). The town must have had a 
mint early in the fifteenth century, as the archives mention " Moersche Wispenninge * 
in 1420. * 

216. Hollaxd. Briquet. Similar to No. 188. 

(v. d. Chijs XII: 4; XVI: 18.) 

217. Hasselt. Briquet. Similar to No. 195. 
(de Chestret 354.) 

218. Campen. Sou. 

(v. d. Chijs XV: 14.) 

Obv. Short cross. 2CQ OI mOOOG 1XSX 

Rev. Shield of the city. * mOI>0 POV7T G7t^^0I>. 

219. Gaez. Schilling. 

Obv. Long cross with quartered arms. IIOH0 = ^P^THO = V7I07Y 
= BC0 80 

Rev. Griffin. 4- BVGjSJjTTVjS X) (s> DVS 3T0nni 
Issued by Bogislaus X, Duke of Pommerania (1474-1523). 

220. Wiener Neustadt. Kreuzer. 

Ohr. Long cross intersected by short cross. SHOT). I)OY. IVJ&RB. 



80. 



Rev. Double eagle. Inscription similar to reverse of No. 221. 





■ 

221. Styeia. Kreuzer. 

Obv. Shield with panther over double cross. £1201) — POY — JSTI 
* 80 * 

Rev. Crowned double eagle. VB * ID * BO * IM£ * 7Y0IOV 
Issued by the Emperor Frederick III. 

222. Sweden. Oertug. (Oldenburg 201.) 

Similar to No. 193, reading: mOI>0^7T s jSTOCOR s 80. 

The half oertug occnrs with the same date, but of the type with crown and S. 

1481 

223. Holy Rom ax Empiee. Kreuzer. 
(N. Z. XLII: 186.) 

Obv. Crowned double eagle. * mor>€T * POV7Y * T£V&H}& * 81. 
Rev. Floriated cross with four armorial shields. iE^XO 1 * 'BO' * 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 43 

224. Brandenburg. Groschen. 

Obv. Cross, with armorial bearings in the angles. ( HOI^TTI 
I>OV7T o HTT^G^I ° SIOTIXO 8 8J 

Rev. Eagle. (ICXRTEP o X)® H^rBO^I i B^7CT>D0BVi? 8 

Probably unique. It was issued by Johann, vice-regent or " Stadtholdher " under 
Albert Achilles (1470-1489), and was discovered by the Rev. Frlihbufs in 1850 in a 
" find "near Griineberg. 

It was first described by J. F. Weidhas, in his treatise Die Brandenburger Denare, 
1855, and he traced it to the cabinet of Chevalier Kohne in Petersburg. 

225. Brabant. Double briquet. Similar to No. 185. 

Struck at Antwerp. The briquet occurs with the same date. There is also a 
double briquet of Flanders of this year similar to No. 211. 





226. Liege. Double briquet. 
(de Chestret 348.) 

Obv. Armorial shield over floriated cross. + jSTDjW + 57iG + 

-go' + nnvvm + x)x>M + issxi. 

Rev. Lions sejant, a crown above. * XiVDO 1 * D0 * 60B6 1 * €[££' 
Issued by Louis de Bourbon (1456-1482). Vide note to No. 175. 

227. Holland. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XV: 5, 6: XVI: 13, 19, 20.) 

The reverse reads: * mft^Ift * OVGIJSJSTT * B© * aOOIOT * I?0. 

Vide note to No. 188. The briquet occurs with the same date. 

228. Deventer. Gros. Similar to No. 114. 
(v. d. Chijs XII: 20, 21, 22, 23.) 

The demi gros, sou, and demi sou were issued in the same year. 

229. Wiener Neustadt. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 220. 

230. Hasselt. Briquet. Similar to No. 195. 

231. Jever. Oertchen. 
(Saurma 3336.) 

Obv. Long cross, in the angles I — €[ — V — ©. 7YI>I>0 — DI>I — 

m — aaaaii — sxsi. 

Rev. Arms. * <$0O * WJSOSi * aTL&WRT) * I0V. 



44 The Dated Europe ax Coixage Prior to 1501 

Jever was a mint-town of East Frisia and this coin was issued by Edo Wimken 

(1468-1511). the ruler under Count Enno I. 

The Oertchen was a small base silver coin about half the size of a groschen. 

1482 

232. Sachsex. Fiirstengroschen or half Sehwertgroschen. 
(Gotz 3900. Saurma 4400.) 

Ob v. Bisected shield with lion and the arms of Landsberg. 

4- 0^O3^V3 o NOVVJS o OYOVffi = jSTIXODI 82. 

Rev. Shield of Chur-Saehsen. 4- €[ = 71 = X) (d OVGjS JS7EX; o 

tv c r-7r o m-Kiz B mijs 

Issued by Ernst and Albrecht. There is a Spitzgroschen of the same date (Gotz 
3899) and a mule, a combination of both (Gotz 3953). 

233. Muhlheim. Groschen. 

(Farina 1639. Saurma 2986.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: * MOI}€[T7r( • IK>V7T( « 
MOIrl^M. Inner inscription: * 2EQ' » ffi * GGGG * IiSXSXt 

ifer. Half length figure of the Duke over quartered shield: 
WIXtKOj' * DVS — IVIi * Z * MOP — ' 

Struck at Muhlheim, one of the mint towns of the united Duchies of Julich and 
Berg, by Wilhelm IV (1475-1511). Sometimes called Hubertusgroschen, the figure 
on the reverse being identified with St. Hubertus, the patron saint of huntsmen. Ger- 
hard VI of Jiilich-Berg was also the founder of the Order of St. Hubertus. There are 
varieties counterstamped 1} (? Hildesheim or Halberstadt). 

234. Liege. Double briquet. Similar to No. 226. 

(de Chestret 350.) 

235. Cleve. Double groschen. Similar to Nos. 166 and 206. 
(Farina 1534, 1535.) 

There are groschen of the same date ; some varieties have the letters Q-Xi-X-V— 
in the angles of the cross. 

Issued under Johann II (1481-1521). 

236. Haxxovee. Groschen. 

Obv. Shield over cross with \— X— 8— 2 in the angles. B^'DIG^ 

Rev. Lion over city gate. MOI>0^7T „ I>OV7I = IKXROV^^I?- 
CI3 * 

Reimmann, No. 6704, describes a cast thaler Avith similar inscriptions, and dated 
J48Z. (Madai 2249.) 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



45 



237. Deutz. Turnose. 

(Cappe 1175. Saurma 2743. Merle 6.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: jSOT * I>om€[I> * DO£RlX>I * 
B0I)0X)IGnnvm. Inner inscription: + 7£I> * m * QQQQ * Xi'KKKXZ. 

Rev. Arms of Tours over the quartered shield of Cologne -Hessen. 
Outer inscription: * Tt^mi^X}X}I. 71^0^10^1. aOHOI?I€tQ r . Inner 
inscription: * TV^OI?' — TViai)'. 

Issued by Hermann IV of Hessen, Archbishop of Cologne from 1480 to 1508. 
There are varieties with a lion shield on the obverse. 

The old name of this town was variously written Tuitium or Tuicium, and the 
Archbishop of Cologne controlled a mint at this place from which both gold and 
silver coins have been traced to the first half of the fourteenth century. The coinage 
ceased about 1612. 

238. Styria. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 221. 
(Saurma 722.) 

239. Wiener Neustadt. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 220. 
(Saurma 646.) 

240. Holland. Double briquet. Similar to Nos. 188 and 227. 
(v. d. Chijs XV: 7, 8 ; XVI: 14.) 

241. Brabant. Briquet. Similar to Nos. 185 and 210. 
(v. d. Chijs XIX: 7, 8, 9, 10.) 

Struck at Antwerp during the minority of Philip the Good. There is a rare stuy- 
ver of this date with obverse inscription jSIdffi ° 8JU\\JI^tO ° PJ/XBGfOT ° I ° 
X333f[ ° J482 (v. d. Chijs Be Munten der Voormalige Hertogdommen Braband en Lim- 
burg, 1851, p. 189). 

242 . Groningen . Jager . 

Vide note to No. 84. 





243. Utrecht. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 29, 30.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. * ffi€[M€(I}TO o DOMII^ o DTYVXO «, \R&2 

Rev. Lion holding shield. mOTl^H „ I>OV7i $81 o W^-KI^O 

Struck by David de Bourgogne, Bishop of Utrecht from 1455 to 1496. 



46 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

244. Utrecht. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XX: 2.) 

Obv. Long cross with fleurs-de-lis in the angles. ffiOI>' 1)0 — V7T 

Rev. Lion over shield of arms. ^(d^JjS^B^ * D0 * GIjIVI^ , 
Z , £>€( x mTIBKTI 

Issued by Engelbert van Kleef, a claimant to the Bishopric of Utrecht (1481- 
1485). 

1483 

245. Brabant. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XIX: 11.) 

Obv. Arms over floriated cross. * STTXiW 57TG ^^Xsm o WW = 
OP7I o 71° o JX83. 

i^r. Lions sejant, crown above. * mOT> 7T^ OY a TTVjSTlBI^ 
c B^7iB7YX>GI0. 

Issued by Maximilian during the minority of Philip the Good, and struck at Ant- 
werp. There are briquets of the same date. 

246. Holland. Double briquet. Similar to Nos. 188 and 227. 

(v. d. Chijs XVI : 15.) 

247. Utrecht. Double briquet. Similar to No. 243. 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 82.) 

248. Liege. Double briquet, 
(de Chestret 372, 373.) 

Obv. Armorial shield of La Marck on an ornamented cross. + jSIHP 

+ r>om<3i> + x>i>i + s3x>€toioTv + xixxsni. 

Rev. Two lions rampant, in the exergue three stars. + IOI?jS + 

Issued by Jean de la Marck, a claimant to the Bishopric of Liege (Liittich) from 
1482 to 1481. 

249. East Frisia . Stuber. 

(Knyphausen 6333-34.) 

Obv. Long cross with €( in the centre. DTI • QH — G0 o X)I>I — 
IX) • DI0 — S'l)*?' 83. 

Rev. Harpy between four stars, a quartered shield below. • G(I>I>0 
GO' c H'jSI0 — * OX'®$£WTLTi s 83 

Issued by Enno I, Count of East Frisia (1466-91). There are varieties with the 
date on obverse only. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 47 

250. Stolberg. Grroschen. 

Obv. Helmeted diagonal shield of Wernigerode. ©r^OjS EKXRT 
o XX} o W0i?.I>I00ifOX)€l 83 

Rev. Armorial shield of Stolberg with stag. 0^7TVG 3R€tPI>- 
BIGI o II) o JSTOXiS€[i?0 

Issued by Henry VIII, Count of Stolberg, and described in the Blatter filr Milnz- 
freunde (XLVIII: 13). 

251. Wiener Netjstadt. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 220. 

252. Graz. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 134. 

253. Muhlheim. Grroschen. Similar to No. 233. 

(Farina 1640. Saurma 2987.) 
There are counterstamped varieties. 

1484 




254. Muhlheim. Grroschen. Similar to No. 233. 

(Farina 1641. Saurma 2988.) 

255. Liege. Briquet. Similar to No. 248. 

(de Chestret 374.) 

256. Liege. Briquet. 

(de Chestret 370, 371.) 

Obv. Quartered arms of La Marck and Virnenbourg on an orna- 
mented cross. 711)0 — DOI)I — XiXXX — IIII. 

Rev. Bust to right. * WIXiI? 8 D 3 MTtQI? § M7YB 8 Ij^OD' 8 

Issued by Guillaume de la Marck, nicknamed " the Bearded," who espoused the 
cause of his son, Jean de la Marck, a claimant to the Bishopric. There are half bri- 
quets of the same year. 

257. Liege. Double briquet. 

(de Chestret 390.) 

Obv. Shield of de Horn over an ornamented cross of leaves. 
* jSTOjW * flAG * £0' * rrWM * X)I)3 * IjSSSX 

Rev. Two lions sejant, facing; in the exergue three small flowers or 
rosettes. * lO^IiS 1 ^r^OTi' GO' 5M7OT 1 rr^ODI^I*' 

Issued by Jean IX de Horn, Bishop of Liege from 1482 to 1505> 



48 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



258. Liege. Demi briquet. 

(de Chestret 409.) 

Obv. Ornamented cross; in the angles *X8X. MIjS0^' tfSiV Q' 
£7ijSjSV,S 0jS & I?OB. 

ifer. Two armorial shields of de Horn reclining. * IOI.!r^ 0Xi0 

The obverse inscription is an abbreviation of Miserere nostri qui passus et pro nobis. 

259. Cleye. Grroschen. Similar to Nos. 166 and 206. 
(Farina 1536. Saurma 2938.) 

Issued by Johann II, Duke of Cleve from 1481 to 1521. 





260. Tyrol. Thaler. 

(Madai 1372. Reimmann 4277.) 

Obv . Archduke on horseback to right ; beneath J 484 ; around thir- 
teen shields in a circle. 

Rev. Half-length bust, crowned, and holding a spear and sword. 

* £I0I£MVI>:OV;S * -K^oTtixyvx, * 7TViSnn^I0 * 

Issued by Sigismund, Archduke of Austria (1439-1496). This coin receives 
the name " Dick Thaler " from its small and thick fabric. There are minor varieties. 

261. Tyrol. Half Thaler. Similar to preceding. 

(Reimmann 4278.) 

262. Wiener Neustadt. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 220. 

263. Graz. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 134. 
261. Nimegue. Demi sou. 

(v. d. Chijs 1 : 9.) 

Obv. Short ornamented cross. * 7II>I>0 * X)X}1 * £12 * GGGO * 

Rev. Lion rampant holding a shield. * mOI^WTT I?OV7T * 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 49 

265. Holland. Briquet. 
(v. d. ChijsXVII: 7.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. * B^I>0DIG : 7TI7T : m$K OVG : i£8£ 
Rev. Ornamental letter M in a border. * mo : Ti'BO'J^XOYO : 
TIVjOT : b<3 : GO : IKXDXf. 

Issued by Maximilian during the minority of Philip the Good. 

1485 

266. Holland. Briquet. 

(v. cl. Chijs XVIII: 11, 12, 13.) 

Obv. Similar to preceding, with date JX85. 

Rev. Semi -lion rampant. Inscription as preceding. 

267. Brabant. Double briquet. Similar to No. 245. 

268. Nimegue. Demi sou. Similar to No. 264. 
(v. d. Chijs I: 10.) 

269. Liege. Demi briquet. Similar to No. 258. 

270. Groningen. Stuyver. 

(v. cl. Chijs XII: 72, 73, 74.) 

Obv. Shield over short cross. Outer inscription : * jSOT o I>O£T20I> 
o DI>I o S^I^OIOTV Inner inscription: TTmGGGGXiXXXV. 

Rev. Double eagle over two shields of arms, the letter G> underneath. 
* mox?€(ru o ik>v ©ISODIG^QjS. 

A variety has: Obv. Short cross with <& in the centre, surrounded 
by the date * TERDO X)OMII}I mOOOOXs'K'K'KV 

Rev. Double eagle over shield of Groningen; inscription as preced- 
ing. 

This coin is also called a double patard and a " Vleemsche." 

271. Cleve. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2938.) 

Issued under Johann II (1481-1521). Vide Nos. 166 and 206. 

272. Wesel. Groschen. 
(Saurma 2939.) 

Obv. Floriated cross with W-0-jS-fl: in the angles. 2EQ' o X) — I} 1 
o m o G — GGG o Xi — SSSV. 

Rev. Quartered arms of Cleve-Mark, with a swan. * lO^jS' OYS 
aXiIV€[I?JS' Z GOM7IBK 

Issued by Johann II, Duke of Cleve (1481-1521). 



50 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



273. Franeker. Stuyver. 
(v. d. Chijs VI: 1.) 

Obv. Ornamented cross. * 7TI>r>0 ° X)1}1 ° m ° GGGG ° JX8V 
iZev. Lion rampant. * mOI>0^ ° I>OV7Y ° ^^7TI>K0B0. 
This town of West Frisia obtained the right to issue coins early in the fifteenth 
century. 

1486 





274. Tyrol. Thaler. 

(Madai 1373. Reimmann 4279-82.) 

Obv. Archduke on horseback to right ; beneath I486; around, fifteen 
shields in a circle. 

Rev. The archduke standing facing, at his side a shield of arms and 
helmet. • JSI©IjSMV;Q:OVjS : * : • ^G^XOVX • 7rVjST:3I€[ • 

Frequently known as the Guldengroschen. The piece was struck under the super- 
intendence of Bernhard Behaim, a goldsmith, who was made mint-master by the Arch- 
duke in '. 482. There are varieties with and without bands on the helmet. 

Styria. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 221. 

Wiener Netjstadt. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 220. 

Graz. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 134. 

Groningen . Stuyver . 
(v. d. Chijs XII: 75, 76; XIII: 77.) 

Similar to No. 270. Both varieties occur in this year. The dates 
read: TTm-GGGG-ESCSXVI, TCSB-GGG-GXiX-XXVI, and 7I'CT*G- 
OGG-IiHX-XVI. 

279. Li£ge. Demi patard. 
(de Chestret 404-420.) 

Obv. Small floriated cross. + jSI. D0VjS. DOSjS' G' QVIjS. GO'. 
T\ IK>jS. 86 

Rev. Armorial shield. * lOI^IjS' + O0 + T}O^T} + 0£jS' + Xi0O- 



275. 
276. 
277. 

278. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 51 

Issued by Jean IX de Horn, Bishop of Liege from 1482 to 1505. The obverse 
inscription is an abbreviation of Si Deus nobiscum, quis contra nos ? and is taken from 
the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans (VIII : 31). As this coin was issued of the t} T pe 
of patards and briquets in 1486, 1489, 1494, and 1499, there are consequently a large 
number of varieties. On the obverses occur different forms of the cross and modi- 
fications of the inscription. The reverses have Jj€fOX)I ? * Xi€{OX)X€{\ etc. 

280. Nimegue. Demi sou. Similar to No. 264. 

(v. d. Chijs XXIII : 7, 8.) 

281. Holland. Double briquet. Similar to Nos. 265 and 266. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII : 9, 10 ; XVIII : 14.) 

282. Cleve. Groschen. 

The date reads: 03 s GG — OO * 86. 
Vide note to No. 259. 

1487 

283. Groningen. Stuyver. Similar to No. 270. 
(v. d. Chijs XIII: 78.) 

284. Brabant. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XIX: 14.) 

Similar to No. 245, but dated JX8A. Struck at Malines. 

285. Brabant. Silver real, 
(v. d. Chijs XIX: 13.) 

Identical with the one for Gueldres (No. 288 infra) except that the 
obverse inscription is abbreviated and the reverse reads: D(JF ° TOBI 

o i'w'bijs o v o rrvnn o z o raeDo' ©rroipar 

286. Utrecht. Double gros. 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 33.) 

Obv. Cross dividing the inscription, in the centre a star. ffi€(M€(Pr 
— O * X>I}Q — DTTVIX) — JX87 

Rev. Shield quartered with the arms of Utrecht and Burgundy. 
mOI}€(riW — 0^I^GO^I — rr337H3OT0. 

Sous with this date were also struck at Utrecht. 

287. Holy Roman Empire. Gold real. 

(v. Mieris I: 189. v. d. Chijs XVII: 1.) 

Obv. Crowned shield with eagle, bearing the arms of the Holy 
Roman Empire and Burgundy. * ^0H0M0H^V^7IM * €pF * B3jS;£ia€( 

* HIH0M * ftWGGG * XiXXSVII 

Rev. The Emperor seated on a throne, holding a sceptre and impe- 
rial globe. * M7tK;iMIIjI7IHViS * O0I * ©B^ * ^OMTTHO^V * i?€(S: 

* JS€[£ * 7TV® * 



52 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

In the exergue is a rose, indicating that this piece was struck at Dordrecht. 
There is a silver real of the same type and date (Schult, R., 7). 

288. GrUELDRES. Silver real, 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 21.) 

Obv. Crowned bust of the Emperor Maximilian with sceptre and 
imperial globe. * 3 GVjSrTOt>I7OT * O^^K^O^ * O'HIV ■* ^VMIXi^ 

* jS€tRW * jSW * JX8A (i. e. Custodiat creator omnium humilem servum 
suum) [May the Creator protect his humblest servant]. 

Rev. Monogram of the Emperor's name. X)0V< * TO8I* M7OT;i3IjS 

289. Wiener Neustadt. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 176. 

290. Holland. Double briquet. Similar to Nos. 265 and 266. 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII: 22.) 

291. Graz. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 134. 

292. Leeuwarden. Gros. 
(v. d. Chijs V : 5.) 

Obv. Ornamental cross. * 7TI}IK>. X)OmiT}l. ffi. GGOO. 87. 
Rev. Lion rampant, holding a shield of five compartments. * ffiOI}- 
0PK. X>OV7t. Xi$W0RQ$Q. 

293. Leeuwarden. Demi gros or half stuyver. 

(v. d. Chijs V: 6.) 

Obv . Shield with double eagle on a long cross . Inscription as No . 292 . 
Rev. Lion rampant on a shield. Inscription as No. 292. 

294. Eraneker. Stuyver. 

(v. d. Chijs VI: 2, 3, 4.) 

Similar to No. 273. There are varieties with the obverse reading: 

* £I0;QO 8 a^VaijS 3 37rXiV0mV^ JX8A 

1488 





295. Holland. Demi noble d'or. 
(v. d. Chijs XVII : 5, 6.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. l^flO£?M7TOIO >< ^OjST * 0V0SSK * ^TtX 
7T x J 488. 

Rev. The Emperor standing in a ship. MO' * 1)0' * B0 * Z * QTiV 
7M?':OVa' x 7TVjS' « BO' >< B^' x GO' * I?OIi' 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 53 

Issued by Maximilian during the minority of Philip the Good. 
The coin is copied after the English rose noble, and is sometimes called " Schuit- 
ken." There are numerous minor varieties. 

296. Holland. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XIX: 23.) 

Obv. As No. 245, with date JX88. 

Rev. As No. 245. MO ° 71^©^ „ ifC Si& 3 P SI5I ° TEQDV 

E'o8o@OoB. 

297. Holland. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XIX: 36.) 

Obv, Ornamented cross. ^^O^mi^nMO * ©V0^^0 >< ^7TX >< 
33^ >< J&88. 

ifcw. Quartered shield. ffiO o I>OV7t >< aOSIUTFIjS * IKXE0D7I' >< Z 
* Z€( * 

298. Brabant. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XXV: 3.) 

Obv. The angel Michael holding in his left hand a shield on which 
the letter B appears. * ^^jS 8 X)€[I § <M?7I 8 OVS 8 B^7YB' J488. 

ifey. Ornamented cross with B in the centre. IiyvOGTT — VI 8 
x>0v — TiDivrro — £€( 8 ffi€(V o 

There is also a variety with the reverse containing a quartered shield 
on a long cross, with the inscription: D7T 8 QlXG^m 8 DOflfti;Q€( 8 II} 8 
OI^BVjS 8 DOjSTIfljS 

From the letter B on the reverse it has generally been held that this coin was 
struck at Brussels, and it is sometimes called " Brusselaar." 

299. Brabant. Demi noble d'or. 

(v. d. Chijs XVIII : 4.) 
Obv. Similar to No. 295. 

Rev. The Emperor standing in a ship. MO 1 - I>0' * I?0' x Z * J^Til 
x 7t^X>VG 7 >< TtVJS' >< B' ©' >< B^7T >< Z * XiIM. 

Struck at Malines by Philip the Good. There are minor varieties. 

300. Brabant. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XX: 21.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. Inscription as No. 297. 

Rev. Quartered arms. mOI?^T7T >< DVGIjS >< BS^B7ri>GI0 * Z * 
DQim. 



54 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

301. Geoxixgex. Florin d'or. 
(v. d. Chijs XIII: 80.) 

Obv. St. John the Baptist, the letter between his feet. £1201^0' 

* -k-v&M' — ®:eoi>r ®3'£ 88. 

Rev. The imperial globe, + ~B^<$D^1& * SOMTCRO^V * IM^€[' 
There are minor varieties. 

302. Geoxixgex. Liard or "oortje." 

(v. d. Chijs XIII : 79.) 

Obv. Shield on long cross. mQI>0 — OOffll — m * OO — GO * 88. 

Rev. Double eagle over inclined shield. moI>€[ * X)OV7T ©^OJjrp. 

303. Feaxekee. Stuyver. Similar to No. 273. 

(v. d. Chijs VI: 5.) 

304. Detextee. Florin d'or. 
(v. d. Chijs XI : 2. Soothe 1485.) 

0&0. St. Lebuinus seated on a bishop's chair, holding a banner in 
his right hand and a book in his left. * MOHD I t>0 * D7IV — ^1) — 
TlBIft 88 * 

i?ei\ Imperial globe in ornamental frame, Inscription similar to 

Xo. 301. 

A municipal coinage. 

305. Detextee. Sou. 

(v. d. Chijs XII: 24; XIII: 2.) 

Obv. Shield on long cross with D-2T-V-0 in the angles. 7DQIX). 
X)T>. ft*. GO. 88. (s/c) . 

Rev. Double eagle on shield. * mOI>0T7T. X>3. £>7IV0iyT;Hi:ft. 

306. Liege. Briquet, 
(de Chestret 378.) 

Obv. Ornamented cross with in the centre, * 2ERI?0 DI}I 

mOGOG o XiSSXVIII. 

ifcw. o ^VG^TI^D 1 c X) mm? * K o ^OHF o Ii0O. 

Everard de la Marck assumed the titles of " Protector of the Church, the City, 
and the Country " in the years 1488 and 1489, during the reign of the regularly ap- 
pointed Bishop, Jean IX de Horn. 

307. Liege. Briquet, 
(de Chestret 379, 380, 381.) 

Obv. Ornamented cross with a wild boar above. TLTtQO * DI}I' * 
0G0X'XK:X8 {sic). 

Rev. Lion rampant with diagonal shield of the La Marck family. 
* 0V0XOT' * X) * WKliO * #i?orr * Xi^O' 

There is a half briquet of the same date, and a variety with a shield on the reverse 
with the armorial bearings. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 55 





308. Campen. Double stuyver. 

(v. d. Chijs IX : 1, 2, 3 ; X : 4, 5, 6.) 

Obv. The armorial shield of Campen on a floriated cross. 7H}' — 
XXRI — STKIG — GG88. 

ifcy. The armorial shields of the three towns, Campen, Deventer, 
and Zwolle in triangular formation. £BOI}€( — I>OV7T — <JKS]X&. 

Following an ordinance of 1488 the towns of Deventer, Campen, Zwolle, and 
Groningen arranged a monetary convention, at which it was decided to strike stuyvers 
and half stuyvers. 

" Item noch salmen maecken opten golden rijnss. gulden vurss. tachentigh 
Stucke genant Oirtkens Stuvers. Die sollen holden clrie pennynge fijn silvers ende 
men sal der up die marck troys albereitt snijden honclert ende vier en tachtig stucken." 

The reverses of these coins read either Q}I<Il£> ( as above), MWOXf, or DJ[V€| t 
and the initial letters of these towns occur in the space between the shields. The 
stuyvers of the same date are of the same design. 

309. Campen. Son. 

(v. d. Chijs XV: 15.) 

Obv. Shield on long cross. 7CRDO «, X)T?1 b mQQQQ &8>. 

Rev. The shield of the town of Campen with its three towers. 

310. Flanders. Demi noble d'or. 

Similar to No. 295, but the reverse reads: MO 7 x gO' * SJ€[' * Z * 
^1/ 7I^OVG * 7YVjS * 8© * B^7I * Z * ~ETs. 

311. Nimegue. Demi sou. Similar to No. 264. 

312. Gueldres. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XIV: 1.) 

Obv. Ornamented cross with S in the centre. ^^F[O^^U7^0XO * 
Rev. Quartered shield of arms. SBOI} * OVGIjS , 0€tEBI€( * 0F 

GomOT >< zvrr. 

313. Cleye. Groschen. 

Obv. As No. 166, with 70)1)0 — X)I>I' — mOGOO — SS 

Rev. As Nos. 166 and 206, with Q-Xr-I-V in the angles of the cross. 



56 The Dated Eueopeax Coixage Prior to 1501 

314. Wesel. Groschen. Similar to No. 272. 

315. East Frisia. Turnosgroschen. 

(Knyphausen 6335. Saurma 3300.) 

Obv. Quartered arms over long cross. Outer inscription: X)7v • 
£7IG — 0M • X)I>0 — II) • X)1$S — VjS • I^IjS • Inner inscription: 
7II>I> o — DOMI —'m + QQ — QQ* 88. 

Rev. Harpy over two diagonal shields. 0X?I>O' GO' V&X — jSI0 
OI'€tRT7rif 

Fide note to No. 249. 

316. Sweden. Oertug. 

(Oldenburg 204.) 

Similar to Nos. 193 and 222, but the date reads A88. 
Up to within fairly recent times it was a frequent practice to leave off the first 
figure of the date and oftentimes all of the figures denoting the centuries. 

317. Gtaez. Schilling. Similar to No. 219. 

Dr. Emil Bahrfeldt, in his pamphlet, Zur Mittelalterlichen Munzkunde Pommerns, 
1893, states that Bogislaus X, appointed Moriz Crusell mint-master in 1488, and that 
these coins are probably by him. 

Dukes Otto and Barnim obtained the privilege of coining pfennigs in Garz as 
early as the year 1340. The bracteates frequently bear a nettle, that being a feature 
in the local armorial shield. The schillinge did not appear until the middle of the 
fifteenth century. 

318. Dettz. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2744.) 

Obv. The shields of Cologne, Hessen, Nidda, and Ziegenhain ar- 
ranged in cruciform fashion with a star in the centre. £BOI)€5 * IK>V7I 
* nnVIGI0I>iS * J 488. 

Rev. Bust of St. Peter over arms of Cologne. l)^ffi' 7EQ3£' GTO. 
i. e. Sermannus Archiepiscopus Coloniensis. 

319. Sachsen. Half groschen. 

(Saurma 4414. Gotz 3954.) 

Obv. Shield of arms. 0I?OjSjSVjS. I)OVjS. OVG. m. ^T^'KO. 88. 
Rev. Arms. g. 7T. ^. X). 0. DVGjS. ^7TX. TV. Xs. £12711?. £RjS. 
Struck by Fried rich III, Albrecht, and Johann. 

320. Styria. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 221. 

1489 

321. Deutz. Groschen. Similar to No. 318. 
(Gappe 1179, 1180. Merle 7, 8. Saurma 2745.) 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 57 





* 



322. Muhlheim. Groschen. 

(Farina 1642. Saurma 2990.) 

Obv. Quartered arms of Ravensberg over long cross. £nOI>€T - 
I>OV7T — MVIj^ — 0M * J489. 

Rev. Lion sejant, with armorial device. * WII^^XiM 1 * X)VX 
XVJaTKQ' * z Mcxpwep 

The half groschen of the same year (Saurma 2993) is of the type of No. 233 
supra. 

323. Wesel. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2940.) 

Obv. Long cross, fleur-de-lis in the angles. SUO . X>0' . — W037I 
— £!€[.* 71 — X)' J48?. 

i?£t\ Quartered arms covering the entire field. Inscription similar 
to No. 272. 

324. Jeter. Oertchen. 

(Knyphausen 6741. Saurma 3335.) 

Devices and inscriptions similar to No. 231. 

325. Garz. Schilling. 

(Saurma 4846.) 

Obv. Shield of Rugen on a long cross. HOI>0 — nH7T X>0 — V77 — 
<OT — B0 S9. 

Rev. Griffin. 4- SV©jSX:7rvjS o X) „ © = DYS o jST^TII} 

Vide notes to Nos. 219 and 317. 

326. Liege. Double briquet. 

(cle Chestret 382, 383, 384.) 

Obv . Ornamented cross . 7TI>X>0 — DI>I . m — $$0&Xi — 'K'K'XXK . 
Rev. Quartered arms of La Marck and d'Arenberg filling the entire 

field. * €(v€(;e7n3' . x> . mm?' . ^^onn . i^o 1 . 

Issued by Everard de la Marck. There are minor varieties, some of which have 
the wild boar over the shield. 

327. Styria. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 221. 
(Saurma 723.) 



58 The Dated European Coixage Prior to 1501 

328. Gbaz. Kreuzer. Similar to Nos. 133 and 134. 

329. Aachen. Groschen. 

(Lietzmann 32. Farina 1984. Saurma 2813.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: * 7IHO s X>m 8 mHi^jSI- 
mo i OOOO s I'SSSIS § Inner inscription: * mOH0^7I 8 V^B 8 

i?6T. Bust of the Emperor Charlemagne with a model of a church 
and imperial globe. „ jS 8 KTT^OXi o mTT — I^0^7t 

330. Gottingen. Kortling. Similar to No. 26, 

331. Beabant. Real. 

(v. d. Chijs XX : 23, 24, 25, 26.) 

Obv. Crowned shield on a long cross. M^XIM' — XiYR s ^0X o 
— c BOM7II>' — c ;£7OT 8 J £89 

Rev. Standing figure of the Archduke in a shield. : ^^'1 § TiBOT}- 
IX) VOIjS 8 7YVjST;£I0 8 S VB(9l3I0 : S^7TB7I 8 

Struck at Antwerp during the minority of Philip the Good. There are half and 
quarter reales of the same year, some with slight variations. 

332. Beabant. Briquet, 
(v. d. Chijs XXXVI: 5.) 

Obv. Long cross. 7IX>X>0 * X)Om » II>I * J £89 

Rev. Arms. * ^jS * X>€[I * (MOT * OVX >< BB7TB7IX> * Z >< Xs * 

333. Beabant. Half florin, 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII: 6.) 

(96r. The date f£ — 89 is divided by a crowned shield. *£* HOTXI- 

miX'i7iX> >< sets * Bom7ix>o ^7iT€[. 

ifoy. St. Andrew holding an armorial shield. ^Icil * 7IIJGUXO - 

334. Nimegle. Sou. Similar to No. 264. 
(v. d. Chijs I: 11, 12.) 

A demi sou was struck in the same year. 

335. Holland. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XIX: 87; XX: 38, 39, 11, 43.) 

Obv. Crowned shield on long cross. JIOTXIffil — XiXKX} o J$$X. — 
^OmTtDO c £7OT c 1X89. 

Rev. An armorial device. ^I 7K?GI>IX)VGI^ TIVjOTl^I^ 
BVl^ 1 o Sir o G o I? o Z o 

Briquets and half briquets were issued in the same year; the inscriptions are 
similar but the t} 7 pe varies, some having an ornamented cross on the obverse. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 59 

336. Holland. Gold florin. 

(v. d. Chijs XXXVII: 29.) 

Inscriptions as preceding, but the reverse has a figure of St. Andrew 
holding an armorial shield. The coin is sometimes called " An dries 
Gulden." 

Struck in Antwerp. 

1490 

337. Gottingen. Kortling. 

(Knyphausen 5508.) 

Obv. Similar to No. 26, with date m * QGQQ * XG >< 

Rev. The letter ® on a cross. ffiOX?0 >< IK>V7I >< GOTOII)<3 * 

338. Aachen. Groschen. Similar to No. 329. 

(Lietzmann 34. Farina 1985.) 

339. The Palatinate. Gold gulden. 

Obv. Quartered arms of Bavaria and the Palatinate on a long cross ; 
the date *£90 above. &FtTXiX£ — £' • G 1 • ;£' • SC • — DYS • £ — 

Rev. Christ seated, below the bisected arms of Mainz (a wheel) and 
the Palatinate (a lion) . MOI)0' XiOVK — TTVI^' B0I^ — ° 

Issued by Philip of Bavaria, Elector of the Palatinate (1476-1508). In 1488 an 
agreement was made between Mainz and the Palatinate by which the designs of the 
gold gulden were agreed upon, as follows: 

" Nemlicli sollen die gulden uff ej-ner seyten ein schilt han des fursten, mit 
des eysen die gemunczt werden, und vff der andern s) T ten ein Salvator uff eym stul 
vnd vnser beyder wappen vnden daran in eyn schilt mit einem rade und lewen." 

340. Mainz. Gold gulden. 

(Cappe692.) 

Obv. Quartered arms of Henneberg, with a wheel in the centre and 
the date f X90 above. setSTO — XiD 1 . 7M? — 0^10 M — CKs>ViyTV 

Rev. Christ upon a throne over bisected arms containing a lion and 
awheel. MOI^' (IK>V7T) — 7YVB0 1 ^>0X>0I? 

Issued by Berthold, Count of Henneberg and Archbishop of Mainz (1484-1504). 

341. Cleve. Groschen. 
(Farina 1537.) 

Obv. The armorial shield of Cleve -Mark on a long cross. £T£0 * 

X}o — axiivx? — maa — oa * so. 

Rev. Armorial shield of Cleve. IOI?JS * OYS * aXrlV^QjS — Z — 

go >< x)$ >< ram?. 

Vide note to No. 166. 



60 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 





342. Wesel. Grroschen. 

(Farina 1538. Saurma 2941.) 

Obv. Shield as on No. 341. ffiO'^O — W0JS7T — XiI0 . ffiG — QQ 
-SO (sip). 

Rev. Armorial shield of Cleve. * ICXRjS' * OVX * G3jIV€[I>JS' * Z 

* GO' * M7TBK. 

343. Sachsen. Half groschen. Similar to No. 319. 

344. Styeia. Kreuzer. Similar to No. 221. 

(Saurma 724.) 

345. Hildesheim. Grroschen. 

(Cappe 384.) 

Obv. Quartered arms of the city. * ffiOI) 8 I)OY 8 I^iriX)0iS0M 
XXL 

Rev. Half-length figure of St. Bernard with a cross and mitre. 

* £7TG : B^BWTT^DV * ;£ * . 

These coins are frequently called " Bernhardsgroschen," from the effigy on the 
reverse, and the concluding letter of the inscription is taken to be the abbreviation of 
Patronus. Cappe, in his introduction shows that the choice of this saint was an error, 
and that the blunder occurred in the year 1298, when a new seal was ordered for the 
city. The patron saint of the city is Godehard, and he appears with his bishop's title 
S\ God : Episc. in the earliest seal and archives. He further states that the last ap- 
pearance of St. Bernard on the Hildesheim coins occurs in the year 1552. 

The city obtained the right of striking coins early in the fourteenth century. 

346. Franeker. Thaler. 

(Madai 4882. v. d. Chijs VI: 6.) 

Obv. Quartered arms containing the lion of Frisia and a bell, sur- 
mounting a cross of lilies. moi)€( — IK>V7Y — L^ftl) — B * A90. 

Rev. Two shields placed diagonally, with crowned helmet above. 

* Oft % #7ra0m S X)I>0 I IX) % DI0#VjS S IKHIjS i. e. " Grant Peace, 
Lord, in our days." 

There is an extensive note in van der Chijs in which he questions Madai's attri- 
bution of this rare Dickthaler to Franeker. 



347. Graz. Kreuzer. Similar to Nos. 133 and 134. 



* 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 61 

348. Brabant. Piece of four mites. 

(v. d. Chijs XXXV : 6.) 

Obv. Long cross. SimximXr — TKT} * B0X * S?Om7EQO . £7OT . 
i 490. 

Rev. A circular shield of arms. ^TiXi * T^aRTO VG * TIVjST^IjS 

The mite or myte was small copper coin current throughout the Low Countries. 

349. Koln. Gold gulden. 

Obv. Arms, in the angles the shields of Mainz, Trier, and the Palat- 
inate. * MO SV' — * K0I>0' — * JS' *£90. 

ifet;. Christ seated on a throne. * If M7TI' 7T^G — BI^SI' 
GOIo'* 

Issued by Hermann IV, Landgrave of Hessen. 

149 1 





350. Koln. Gold gulden. 

(Merle 9. Cappe 1181, 1183. Reimmann 320. Saurma 2737.) 
Similar to preceding. Varieties occur with the date reading lR9i 
and 1 491 and on the obverse J?€jI}II?jSIjS. 

351. Triee. Gold gulden. 

(Bohl 1. Saurma 2635.) 

Obv. St. Peter seated on a Gothic throne, the shields of Trier and 
Baden underneath. MOI}0\ DOY 1 — 7TV . ^€t'' . !£9* 

Rev. Quartered arms, in the angles the shields of Mainz, Cologne, 
and the Palatinate. KXRTErf — 7M?0€(^' — o ^^0V0' 

Issued by Johann II von Baden, Archbishop of Trier (1456-1503). Bohl men- 
tions a variety with the date 1491. 

352. Mainz. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 340. 

(Saurma 2511.) 

353. Aachen. Groschen. 

(Farina 1989. Saurma 2814. Lietzmann 36.) 

Obv. Arms of the city over a floriated cross. V^BjS 8 7TQ — 
V€tHjSIjS — B€(^NI 8 jS€[ — D0jS oIXo9t. 

Rev. Madonna with child over crescent -shaped moon. 7IV€( 8 



62 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

354. Aachen. Groschen. 

(Lietzmann 35. Farina 1986.) 

Obv. The Madonna and the Emperor Charlemagne holding the 
model of a cathedral; JX9J o in the exergue. * VIJBjS 8 TIQV^H 8 
S€[0:RI § JS0O0JS 8 QTi&~vrF 8 OIM 

Rev. Armorial shield of the city over a floriated cross. * GIVI- 

nmw 8 0v s ^^ovingi7T^vm 8 ©roariiet 

355. East Frisia. Turnosgroschen. 

(Knyphausen 6348, 9697. Saurma 3304.) 

Obv. Cross with lilies in the angles. * D7Y * ^2TG0' * X)I>€[' * II? 

* OI€[S' * IffiljS' * 91. 

i^. Harpy between four stars. * ^DZTT^D' GOM^jS H^I' * OI' 

Issued by Edzard I, Count of East Frisia (1491-1528). 

356. Basle. Gold gulden. 

(Kohler 2645. Reimmann 827.) 

Obv. The Madonna standing. mOT?0J}Tt . BTTjSIIjI . lR9i. 

Rev. Arms. + IffilD^IGVjS - ^OUXRTlO . im&$%. 

357. Damm. Schilling. 

(Saurma 4839.) 

Obv. Shield of Riigen on a long cross. MOI? — 01HZ — I^OVTT — 
OKM. 9J. 

i?et\ Similar to No. 325. 

358. Gottingen. Kortling. Similar to No. 26. 

359. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. 

Oftv. John the Baptist standing, with a crescent -shaped moon be- 
low. mOI^TI 8 IK)V2I 8 I) — O^OEO}© J £9* 

Rev. Imperial globe. * I^ID^IGVjS BOffiTTR o im^0^7YnnO^ 

360. Hildesheim. Groschen. 

(Saurma 4022. Cappe 385.) 

Obv. Armorial shield of the city. ffiO 8 I?0 8 ^IXft^jS 8 m 8 
GGGG 8 SGI. 

Rev. Figure of St. Bernard with cross. £7TG B0^W7T^X)V £ o 
Half groschen of the same type also occur. 

361. Franeker. Florin d'or. 

(Revue Beige, 1873, p. 301.) 

Obv. Figure of John the Baptist, between his feet a lion. * [UOX}^ 

* DOVft * —(lion) * 7IV;B * HIOT 91 

i?^. The Imperial globe. * U^D^IG' • BO' 711?' . IM!£0'7OTO\ 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 63 

The lion above mentioned is the armorial device of Sicke Sjaerdema, Captain of 
the town of Franeker, who was made mint-master in 1485. 

362. Groningen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XIII: 81, 82.) 

Obv. Long cross with star in the centre. TZTlTtO — DOffil — ttl s 
GGG — G s SGI 

Rev. Double eagle over diagonal shield of the city. * £BOI?0nn7I * 
170V — ©IfOIffRGetl?. 

The half jager of this year is of the same type, with * CQOiy ° I)OV£I — 

363. Groningen. Liard. 

(v. d. Chijs XIII : 83, 84.) 

Similar to No. 302 ; the demi liard or plak is of the same type. 

364 Frankfurt a./M. Gold gulden. 

Obv. John the Baptist standing with a lamb and book, at his feet a 
lion. mOTlQ o DOV7Y — 71 V^ Ta&TL 9 J 

Rev. The Imperial globe. ^^D^IG ° ^O ° 7^ ° im^QWVR 

Frankfurt on the Main was founded before the time of Charlemagne, and a mint 
is referred to in this place as early as the year 1194. The first types of its coins were 
bracteates, groschen, and heller. Undated gold coins were issued here as early as 
1429. These were of nineteen carat purity. 

365. Graz. Kreuzer. Similar to Nos. 133 and 134. 

366. Detjtz. Groschen. Similar to No. 318. 

1492 

367. Damm. Schilling. 

(Saurma 4840.) 

Similar to Nos. 325 and 357. There are varieties with XyjrtTZSU. 

368. Garz. Schilling. Similar to No. 325. 
(Saurma 4847.) 

369. Berne. Dicken. 

(Lohner 340, 341. Saurma 1764.) 

Obv. St. Vincent standing, holding a pen in his right and a book in 
his left hand. ° 8 JS o VII>G0I> — X?GIVjS J49Z 

Rev. Arms of the city (a bear) with B and at the sides. 8 £ftOI>- 
<$]m 8 HO 8 B^B^lWiS o * 

There is a double dicken of the same type and same date (Lohner 262). Jenner 
states (p. 23) that two of the dicken were struck in gold. 



64 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

370. Basle. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 356. 







371. Aachen. Groschen. Similar to No. 354. 

(Farina 1987, 1988. Saurma 2816. Lietzmann 37.) 

372. Stolberg. Groschen. 
(Gotz 7963. Saurma 4288.) 

Obv. Floriated cross with arms of Wernigerode. GI^OjS o £>I)I 
XXI c W€[IfI>X).©€[BOX)€[ • 9Z. 

Rev. Armorial shield with stag. <51$KVQ I^I^IOI o II?. o 

Issued by Henry VIII, Count of Stolberg (1456-1511). There are half groschen 
of the same type and date. 

373. The Palatinate. Gold gulden. 

(Farina 2491.) 

Obv. Quartered arms, surrounded by the shields of Mainz, Trier, 
and Cologne. * ffiO 1 7IV * — * K€[D0 * — * jS * JX92 * 

ifet\ Christ on throne, the arms of Bavaria and the Palatinate below. 
* £!?£' GO * ^ # — OYS B7IV7I * 

Issued by Philip of Bavaria, Elector of the Palatinate (1476-1508). 

374. The Palatinate. Groschen. 

Obv. Figure of St. Peter; the bisected armorial shield of Mainz and 
the Palatinate below. 3 £0^ + 71 — ^OJSTOJj' ( + ) IJ^9Z 

Rev. Armorial shield of Bavaria and the Palatinate. ^IpXfl + — 

G + £ + £ — 0Xi0G' + 

375. Mainz. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 340. 

(Cappe 694. Farina 3076.) 

376. Mainz. Half groschen. 

(Cappe 701. Farina 3080.) 

Obv. St. Peter. >< — jS * £€['T * TiQ — OjOTOIr « 1492. 

i?6t\ Shields of Mainz, Romhild, and Henneberg. * B0I?nD * 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 65 

377. Pommerania. Schilling. 

Obv. The armorial shield of Riigen on a long cross. Xi7OT(^ — ^TL 
W — Ilr — jS€( — IOB 92 ' 

Rev. Griffin. * OYX o BV^jSZrTTVjS jst^wtid 

Dannenberg (No. 412) agrees with Friedlander that this coin was not issued 
jointly by the rulers of Hessen and Pommerania, but suggests that it was struck by 
Bogislaus X, upon his return from Palestine in 1498, in commemoration of the pilgrim- 
age of Wilhelm I (senior) of Hessen, which occurred in 1491 or 1492. 

378. Garz. Schilling. Similar to No. 325. 

379. Hildesheim. Groschen. 
(Cappe 386.) 

Similar to No. 360, with the inscription * ffiO 8 I?OV7T 8 ^IXiD^jS^ 

o m s aaaaxan 8 

380. Franeker. Florin d'or. 

Obv. Same as No. 361. mOX^' • IK)V7T * — • TCVI?-' * fl^TT 9Z 
Rev. Same as No. 361. * HB^O^IG' * rgO-'TER' * IM^€[' TWO' 1 

381. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. 

(Saurma 1369.) 

Obv. Similar to No. 359, with MOD0T7T 8 X)OY — X}O^X)XsI o 1X92 

Rev. Similar to No. 359. 

382. Sachsen. Groschen. 
(Gotz 3971, etc. Saurma 4415.) 

Obv. Helmet between the date 14 — 92. 4- 0BOjSjSVjS I)OWjS 
o ZWIGK7IVI o 

Rev. Busts of the Electors. ^[#XD$ — I «, G^CH — X> VGjS • jS — TZX. 

Issued by Fried rich III and Johann. Struck at Zwickau and usually called 
Zinsgroschen. 

383. Sachsen. Half Schwertgroschen. Similar to No. 232. 
(Gotz 3925.) 

384. Wesel. Double groschen. 

(Farina 1540. Saurma 2934.) 

Obv. The shields of Cleve-Mark, with the helmet of Cleve above 
mOI>€[ — DO VK — W^7T — Xil€[ : 9Z 

Rev. Long ornamented cross with lilies in the angles. Similar in- 
scription to No. 341. 

Wesel, an old town on the Rhine, was placed under the jurisdiction of the Dukes 
of Cleve by the Emperor Rudolph in 1290. A mint was in operation here as early as 
the latter part of the fourteenth century, and inscriptions on coins are common from 
about 1394 to 1398 reading moneta nova Re(nensis) Wesalie. 



66 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 








S ^^OJ^-' : 



385. Cleve. Ort. 

Obv. Quartered shield over a floriated cross. * ffiOI^TTT + HOV7T 
+ aiflvetDJSIjS + KI+ OOOO + XGH 

Rev. Helmeted shields of Cleve and Mark. ICXRjS' + DYS + 

OTjXV^XI^ + Z + GO 1 + £>€[ + CTOTI? 

Issued by Johann II, Duke of Cleve (1481-1521), and described at length in the 
Blatter fur Milnzfreunde, 1910 (p. 4380). 

386. Neuss. Double groschen. 
(Saurma 2891.) 

Obv. Long cross with crowns in the angles. * jSOT i)OM€(I> X)X}1 
3€[p€[DIGTV« J49Z 

ifov. Two shields with crown above. MOI>0' I}OV7I OXV — OT 

Neuss was an old town under the jurisdiction of the Archbishops of Cologne and 
obtained the right of seigniorage early in the fifteenth century. The majority of the 
coins of this place bear a figure of St. Quirinus, the patron saint ; they consist of thaler, 
gulden, and smaller silver pieces. 

387. Brabant. Double briquet. 

(Farina 1743. v. d. Chijs XXI: 30; XXXVI: 6.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. 4- B0I>0DIG * 711)10^71 * m$K * DOCTMCQO 
* 7ITX> * X)X}1 * 1X92. 

Rev. Lion holding shield. * ^^jS * TT^aiSCOVX; >< TrVjSWSl^ * 

svreooiel * &-#tz&t£T)0. 

There are varieties with the obverse inscription jS7TXrWffi * £J7TG >< 
^O^YI'Yffi >< TVVffi >< DOffi!!^ >< 1492. 

These coins were principally struck at Antwerp during the minority of Philip the 
Good. 

388. Groningen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XIII : 85.) 

Obv. Shield over long cross. 

Rev. Double eagle over vertical shield of the city. 

Inscriptions as on No. 362. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 67 

389. Sneek. Escalin. 

(v. d. Chijs V : 3.) 

Obv. Shield quartered with an eagle and three crowns. Outer in- 
scription: * mOT}$rj\K : I)OV7T : jSI}€(K€(I>jSIjS. Inner inscription: 
TERpO. XXRI. m. 0000. 9ii. 

Rev. Long cross. Outer inscription: D7I * ^7T — 00' * X)I> — I * 
VX$& — I^^IjS * Inner inscription: Q' * IK> — €[ * ft' Q — ^Y^T — 
;£' * I>0. i. e. Da pacem Domine in diebus nostris, Quia non est alius qui 
pugnat pro nobis. 

These words are taken from the sayings or proverbs (L. 24) of Jesns Sirach, a 
Jew of Jerusalem, who flourished B. C. 130. 

Varieties exist of this coin with the date <!>♦ OOOO* XG1X 

390. Holland. Briquet. Similar to No. 245. 

(v. d. Chijs XXI: 15; XXII: 16.) 

There are varieties with the lion rampant holding a shield, and the inscription : 
B€(I}€(:OIG * ^0^0DI^7I^I * HDV€( >< 

391. Oueldres. Double briquet, 
(v. d. Chijs XIV : 3, 4, 5, 6. Farina 1742.) 

Obv. Arms over floriated cross. * &7£XiWStt g ;£7IO a ^O^VXiVm 

Rev. Lions, sejant, facing. * ^SiS' >< 71^0^10 YS - ftVjSnnpI^ * 

Struck at Malines ; there are briquets and sous of the same date. 

Varieties exist having the motto B^I^OIO * ^P^DOTTOTI g ^V0 g 

392. Zwolle. Stuyver. 
(v. d. Chijs XVII : 4.) 

Obv. Ornamented cross. 7II>pO I Dpi' ffi I 0000 I 92. • 

J2^. St. Michael with armorial shield. * jSftpcrr I miG^7T0Xi f 

£7OT' I ZWOXi' 

The earliest dated coin issued solely for this town. Vide note to No. 308, and 

the ordinance of 1488 there alluded to. 

393. Leeuwaeden. Gros. Similar to No. 292. 

(v. d. Chijs V: 7.) 

394. Utrecht. Gold florin. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII: 6.) 

Obv. Armorial shield on long cross. ffiO' B x pO — 7tV^'0 — 
£1. TO37T — i^arr' 92. 

Rev. King David seated on a throne and playing a harp. * 0Xi00inn 
x DTTVIW >< jSW'jSW * 



68 The Dated Europe ax Coinage Prior to 1501 

395. Utrecht. Double briquet, 
(v. d. Chijs XVIII: 35, 36.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. II}V0I}I * DfiVXO * jS^VV* m$V * J492 
Rev. Lion holding shield; inscription similar to No. 243. 

396. Utrecht. Briquet, 
(v. a. Chijs XIX: 37.) 

Obv. Quartered arms in circle. * SRCXR' * IK>' * ^@I' * Ti?7II- 
€(GT€[' * J 492. 

Rev. Floriated cross with a X) in the centre. flftCfcROI? * 0jSHHO * 

1493 

397. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 359. 
(Kohler 3000. Reimmann 7821.) 

398. Frankfurt a./M. Gold gulden. 

(J. and F. 127. Saurma 2159.) 

Obv. John the Baptist standing. MOI^' I^OVTI — ^TEQOq' 
f£93 

Rev. The Imperial globe. * flBXOSIOVjS ° BOM7TX?' o IM^'etQTI' 

399. Leeu warden. Gros. Similar to No. 292. 

(v. d. Chijs V: 8.) 

400. Sneek. Escalin, or half stuyver. 

(v. d. Chijs V: 4.) 

Obv. Long cross. 7tI>I>0 — XXRI o £B o — GGGG o — XGIII o 
Rev. Shield quartered with an eagle and three crowns. * n3OI)0nH7I 

401. Damm. Schilling. Similar to No. 357. 
(Saurma 4841.) 

402. Graz. Kreuzer. Similar to Nos. 133 and 134. 

403. Berne. Thaler, or piece of 30 batzen. 

(Madai 2080. Lohner 166. Reimmann 6044.) 

Obv. Similar to No. 369. jS7ERaTVjS * VII? — G0I}GIVjS * J493. 
Rev. Arms of the city (a bear) surrounded by the twenty shields of 
the various bailiwicks. 

404. Basle. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 356.. ., „ *..„•.. t 

405. Mainz. Schilling. 

Obv. St. Peter, at his feet the shield of Mainz and the Palatinate. 
jS — + #3^' + ft — ^OjS + 1X9 — 3 

Rev. Quartered shield of Mainz, Romhild, and Henneberg. > B^^^H' 

+ Ttgaifetejs' + ^mij' + 0n^G^' + 

Vide note to No. 340. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 69 

406. The Palatinate. Groschen. Similar to No. 374. 

(Farina 2498.) 

There are varieties with the date J&93 and \ -^93. 

407. Sachsen. Groschen. Similar to No. 382. 
(Gbtz 3990.) 

Struck at Zwickau. 

408. Schwarzburg. Groschen. 

Obv. Lion with shield and helmet. +6060^0 GOMOT^jS — 
jSW7TX?3BVB^ 93 

Rev. Knight standing with sword and shield. (S^OjS^VjS * MTEIOJ? 
— * — KO;QI0IjSjS€(€( — XI 

This and the following are the only coins bearing dates issued by the Counts 
of Schwarzburg during the fifteenth century. This piece was struck at Konigsee by 
Gunther XXXVI, Balthasar II and Heinrich XXXI. 





409. Schwarzburg. Half groschen. 

Obv. Shield with lions. 4- G* B * I? * GOMI * rr0jS * JSW7TB3- 
BV^C^I? 93 

Rev. Floriated cross. + ©BOjSjSVjS * poWjS * KOI>I0IJSJS0€(I?- 

jSIJS 

Also issued at Konigsee by the preceding Counts. 

- 410. Hildesheim. Groschen. 

(Cappe 387. Knyphausen 5738, 5740.) 

Similar to No. 360, with the date reading * ffi 8 GGGGXGIII. 

411. Stolberg. Groschen. Similar to No. 372. 

In the year 1467, Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, gave the Count of Stolberg 
permission to issue coins with his armorial shield. Wernigerode was ceded to Stolberg 
in the year 1429, and the arms of this town (two curved fishes, resembling trout), are 
usually found associated with those of Stolberg. 

412. Koln. Groschen, or Raderalbus. 
(Cappe 1272, 1274.) 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription: jSIT o I^OM^I? . X)OMII>I . 
:8€[I)0:OIOTV .J.X.9.3, Inner inscription: aiVOTftjS : QOXiT>I$Q J . 

Rev. A central shield with the armorial bearings of the city; at the 
angles are three smaller shields supposed to be emblematic of the magi. 
ITtJSfiTS. M0XiG^. smcWI?. 



70 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



There are varieties with a cross instead of a central shield on the reverse. 

The city of Cologne obtained the right to strike coins from the Emperor Frede- 
rick III, in 1474. 

The legend concerning the magi who came from the East to pay reverence and 
make offerings to the infant Jesus is that their names were Balthasar, Melchior, and 
Gaspar or Jasper. Their remains were said to have been found by the Empress Helena 
and brought to Constantinople by her orders. Later they were transferred to Milan, 
and in the year 1164 Archbishop Reinhold removed them to Cologne. 

1494 
413. Hollaxd. Briquet. 

(v. d. ChijsXXII: 18.) 

Obv. Floriated cross. + #€[1)0:010 * I^^XOTTOTI >< HHV0 >< 
mRI^O ,1X94. 

Rev. Lion holding shield. * ^jS * 71^0^1 * DVX; * 7YVjS^ * 





414. Berne. Thaler. 

(Lohner 168, 169. Reimmann 6045.) 

Obv. St. Vincent standing, e jS7ri)aTVjS * VII) — G0I>GIV^ * 

1494 o 

Rev. A bear (the arms of the city) with double -eagle and seven 

shields of arms above. Around in a circle, twenty shields of arms of 

the various bailiwicks. 

The earliest coins of Berne are small square and round bracteates usually retain- 
ing the emblem of the bear, to which the figure of St. Vincent is sometimes added. 
As early as the year 1228 mention is made of 9 librae et 10 solidi bernensis monetae 
and there are numerous subsequent references to both the coinage and the mint. In 
1479, Pope Sixtus IV, gave the city permission to strike gold gulden, and these were 
copied from the Palatine types and bore a figure of St. Peter. The batzen, i. e. the 
small coins now usually associated with the municipal coinage, were introduced in 
1528 when the plappart was abolished. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 71 





415. Damm. Schilling. Similar to No. 357. 
(Saurnia 4842.) 








416. Frankfurt a./M. Gold gulden. 

(J. and F. 128.) 

■Obv. As No. 398, with tX9X 

i?^. The Imperial globe. * m TtKimiXiITZTl VjS ^Om7Y o B0S 

417. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. 

Obv. John the Baptist standing, with a crescent -shaped moon be- 
low. MOD0T7I § DOY o — o I>O^X)rrI 8 JX9X 

i?^. Imperial globe. * ft* TTXISTttXITTI} VjS o ^Om'KX} 1 o B0K; o 

418. Hasselt. Briquet, 
(de Chestret 423.) 

06t/. Ornamented cross with armorial bearings in the angles. JRCXQ' 
— XIG7T — XyftjS' — f X9&. 

ifev. Shield of de Horn surrounded by flames ; below, smaller 
shields of Bouillon and Looz. * lOX^S' * €(;££' * X — — OX)' OVS 
* £' * G' * X'. 

419. Hildesheim. Groschen. 

(Cappe 388. Saurma 4023. Knyphausen 5741.) 

Similar to No. 360, reading * UIO 8 I^OV 8 X^IXX)0 8 XGHII 8 

420. Utrecht. Briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XIX : 38-41.) 

Obv. As No. 396, with date *£9X. 

Rev. Long cross, lilies, etc., in the angles. X[I7OT — MIJS0 — 

421. The Palatinate. Groschen. Similar to No. 374. 

422. Erfurt. Heller. 

Obv. Arms of the city with above, dividing 9 — 4. 
Rev. Blank. 



72 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 








423. Wurttemberg. Schilling. 

Obv. A palm-tree dividing the date tR — 9X. * 7OTT€[ — MCTO 
Rev. Quartered arms. 0B0^?H + GOM + ^ + WI^HF + jS^HIO^ 
Issued by Count Eberhard V of Wurttemberg (1457-1496), who became the first 
duke in 1495. 

1495 

424. Damm. Schilling. Similar to No. 357. 

425. The Palatinate. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2437. Farina 2499, 2500.) 

Similar to No. 374. There are varieties with the date J £95 and 
i 1*95. 

426. Gottingen. Kortling. Similar to No. 26. 
(Saurma 3908.) 

427. Mainz. Schilling. Similar to No. 405. 

Issued by Berthold, Count of Henneberg and Archbishop of Mainz (1484-1504). 

428. Frankfurt a./M. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 416. 
(J. and F. 129.) 

429. Basle. Double gold gulden. Similar to No. 356. 

430. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 417. 

431. Hildesheim. Groschen. 

(Knyphausen 5744. Cappe 389.) 

Similar to No. 360, but obverse reads * ffiO 8 pOV 8 ^IXiO^jS^ffi 8 
XGV. 

1496 

432. Frankfurt a./M. Gold gulden. 

(J. and F. 130.) 

Obv. John the Baptist standing. CTK>' oI}0' o^- 7TI?GB' 

*£96 

Rev. The Imperial globe. * m7EXimi:DI7EQVjS' o -ROmT? o ^^K 

433. Mainz. Schilling. Similar to No. 405. 
(Saurma 2513.) 

Of the numerous varieties some have Roman letters on the obverse and Gothic 
letters on the reverse. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 73 

434. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. 

Obv. John the Baptist standing. MOI?0T7r 8 I?OV — DOIfOIrl 
o iR96 

Rev. The Imperial globe. * ffiftXimrniTERVjS ^QOmTLTl ° B^ts: 

435. The Palatinate. Groschen. 

(Saurma 2438.) 

Obv. Figure of St. Peter as on No. 374. jS — :£€[W + 71^ — OjS + 
*£96 — • 

ifew. Similar to No. 374. 

There are a large number of varieties, differing principally in the abbreviations on 
the reverse. 

436. Damm. Schilling. Similar to No. 357. 
(Saurma 4843.) 

437. Brandenburg. Groschen. 
(Saurma 4679, 4683, 4685.) 

Obv. Short cross with four shields in the angles. ^OI>0 — 7n}I)0 
— DOffil- JX96. 

Rev. Double eagle. * lO^jS . X) . © . ffi7T^G^IO . B^7T . 0Xi^G . 

Issued by Johann Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg from 1486 to 1499. Half 
groschen appeared with the same date. 

438. Wurzburg. Groschen. 
(Saurma 1339.) 

Obv. Armorial shield, with date iK96 above. XiTTV'Rtf ° 0^jS 
I?€[J£8;R' o 1^71' o DYS. i. e. Laurentius Episcopus Herbipolensis Fran- 
coniae Dux. 

Rev. St. Kilian standing. JSTERaWVjS ° KIXiI7TX?ViS o 

Issued by Lorenz von Bibra, Bishop of Wurzburg from 1495 to 1516. He was 
the patron saint of the city and his grave is claimed to be in the Neumiinsterkirche. 

The bishopric was founded A. D. 741, but there appears to be no record of any 
mint until the year 1030, when Bishop Meinhard obtained the right of seigniorage 
which was confirmed by the Emperor Konrad in 1037. In 1191 mention is made of 
sex solidos Wirzeburgensis monete and two years later XXX solidorum Wirzeb. monete 
are referred to in the codex of Gudenus. There must have been a very extensive 
minor coinage in the fourteenth century, as in 1386 there is a reference to " zehin 
tusent Pfunt Heller guter und genemer Wurtzpurger werung." 

In 1506 Bishop Lorenz von Bibra, above mentioned, received permission to issue 
gold gulden, which he caused to be struck of eighteen and one-half carats fineness. 

439. Aachen. Half groschen. 
(Lietzmann 40. Meyer 7561.) 

Similar to No. 8. The date IR96 is in a floral wreath. 



74 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



440. Erfurt. Pfennig. 

Obv. Shield of the city dividing the figures 9 and 6* 
Rev. Blank. 

441. Sachsen. Groschen. Similar to No. 232. 
(Gotz 4051.) 





442. Pfalz-Mosbach. Gold gulden. 

Obv. Quartered arms of the Palatinate and Bavaria in a shield. 

Rev. The Madonna surrounded by rays, at her feet, a shield. 
o O^TO G „' & V&XlX o — OYS o B7IV7tBI0 o 

Struck at Neumarkt in Bavaria by Otto II (1461-1499). 

This town has already been mentioned (Vide note to No. 50 ,. supra), as under 
the jurisdiction of the Electors Palatine. The small undated coinage usually has either 
a single letter I> or POVO^O^O, I>OVIE[Oi?€[l>, etc. 

443. Holland. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XXII : 19.) 

Obv. Ram with the fleece, two crowns above. XJQXOXVI} * jS7££I- 
0X>GI0 * ramOB * OOflBXQI * 7TIffiO * J 496. 

i?ev. Quartered armorial shield with crown above. * ^SJS * X)0I 
* 0^7T * 7Y^G^IDVX * 7TVjST:3 * S * GO 1 IJO-. 

Philip the Good reached his majority in this year and the event was celebrated by 
the striking of this coin, frequently known as the "zilveren vlies " or "toison d'argent" 
of the value of three stuyver. 

The inscription on the obverse is from the Book of Proverbs (1 : 7). 

444. Holland. Double briquet, 
(v. d. Chijs XXII: 20, 21, 22, 23.) 

Obv. Ornamented cross. OSRQIjS * jS^I^OTVjS * Xi7YVX)0^ * 
OPVJB x TODIX) JX96. 
Rev. As preceding. 

445. Brabant. Double briquet, 
(v. d. Chijs XXII : 8.) 

Obv. Similar to No. 443. 

Rev. Quartered armorial shield with a crown above. * £>Tt$ * £>€(I 
(Dim * ftSCORXO* 7TV;sru;K * DVS * && * B' * 
Another type of the "zilveren vlies." Vide note to No. 443. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



75 





446. Brabant. Double briquet, 
(v. d. Chijs XXII: 10.) 

Obv. Similar to No. 444. 

Rev. As preceding. 

The greater part of these coins were struck at Antwerp. 

447. GrUELDEES. Double briquet. ' 
(v. d. Chijs XVI: 20.) 

Obv. Short cross with fleur-de-lis and lions in the angles. * 0QVI- 
Rev. Lion and helmet over armorial shield. * K7^i?OXf * OY' — 

0€[ii' rvxr' go' y 

Struck by Karl von Egmond, duke of Gueldres 1492-1538. 

448. Sweden. Gold noble. 

Obv. The King seated on a throne, holding a sceptre and globe, at 
his feet a rose. IOIf jS * X)€(I * ©B7I * ^^K * t^HO^' * IVjSjSOT 
* M0 * gi^I * 7IH * 1X96. 

ifev. The royal arms crowned, quartered on the cross of Dannebrog. 
X)$K!F$#T: * X>HI' * ^S^IiTT^ * M0 * D0X^^7T * DHI * B0GOT * 

The earliest dated gold coin of Sweden of the value of four and a quarter ducats. 
Issued by John, King of Denmark in 1483, and of Sweden in 1497. 

1497 





449. Brandenburg. Gold gulden. 

(Kohler 1716. Saurma 1203.) 

(9£w. Ornamented cross with four armorial shields in the angles 
* mOI^ o X?OV7I o 7tVB' o jSWOBftOR' o J&9A 

i?6t>. John the Baptist standing, holding a book and a lamb 
ESXOBIOI o X> 8 — mrcgOQ' 8 SUITER' 



76 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

Issued by Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg in Franken (1495-1515). 
There are a large number of varieties ; some have the date f 497. 

450. Brandenburg. Groscheii. 

(Farina 15.) 

Similar to No. 437. The reverses of both the groschen and half 
groschen read.-ICXRjS. X). ©. CTOTK. B^7T. Oj^OT. 

451. Frankfurt a./M. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 432. 

(J. and F. 131. Saurma 2160.) 

452. The Palatinate. Gold gulden. 

(Kohler 1145. Reimmann 643. Farina 2492.) 
Obv. + MOI>0' • 7EV • — ^1} • *X97 + 

Rev. + -&FtTJJ' +" — a + Sfili +' — + £' • €[If€[' + 

The design is the same as No. 373. 

453. Cleye. Groschen. 

(Farina 1541.) 

The date reads ffi — GGOO — XOVII, in other respects this coin is 
similar to No. 206. 




''w 




454. Hamburg. Ducat. 

(Gaedechens 86, 87. Kohler 2864. Soothe 1510, 1511. Reimmann 893. 
Saurma 3404.) 

Obv. The Madonna. 7TV0. &Xi$Q. ©B7IGI7T. 1X97. 

Rev. The Madonna, shield of the city at her feet. HlOTlQWR. T{0. 
^7imBVB<3. 

455. Sachsen. Half Schwertgroschen. Similar to No. 232. 
(Gotz 4001.) 

456. Damm. Schilling. 
(Saurma 4844.) 

Obv. Shield of Rugen on a long cross. MOI> — 0^7T. I? — OV7I. 
X> — ISM. 97. 

Rev. Griffin. * BV00jSXi7TV;3 * OYS * jSW^WWII}. 
Issued by Bogislaus X, Duke of Pommerania (1474-1523). 

457. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 434. 
(Saurma 1370.) 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 77 

* 

458. Nordlingen. Half groschen. 

(Saurma 1371.) 

Obv. Double eagle. * MOI?€[T7t ° NOV7T NO^DXiIH© J 497 

jBev. Armorial shield of Weinsberg. * M7IXIMIIjI7rHVjS ° IJO- 

Issued by Philip II, Lord of Weinsberg (1448-1503), to whom the mints of 
Frankfurt a./M., Nordlingen, and Basle were pledged. 

459. Zwolle. Butgen. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII: 6.) 

Obv. Armorial shield of the city on a long cross. TiX}X} — DI>I — 
maa — GG 97. 

ifow. Armorial shield of the city. * ffiOI>0^7T J)OV7I ZWOXiXi' 
The butgen was a small base metal coin of the value of two plaks. Vide No. 460. 

460. Zwolle. Plak. 

(v. d. Chijs XVII: 7.) 

Similar to preceding but of about half the size. 

461. Utrecht. Double briquet. 
(v. d. Chijs XXI : 5, 6.) 

Obv. Armorial shield. * mo * I>0 * 5^0 * D0 * B7TO0 * $£X * 
W^ft * J497. 

Rev. Ornamented cross. JSTBj VV — ^7TG * £0 — ^VXiV * rrv — 

Issued by Frederick von Baden, Bishop of Utrecht from 1496 to 1517. The 
briquet occurs of the same date and of similar design. 

462. Brabant. Double briquet. Similar to No. 445. 

463. Namtjr. Demi patard. 

(Chalon 217.) 

Obv. Ornamental cross with a crown in the centre. II? + DOfflll^O 
+ GOIffllDO + 7iO IR97 

Rev. Lion rampant. ^jS + TL^GFiEO + ftVjSnn + OVS + B0 + 
GO + X}. 

Namur was an important mint under the jurisdiction of the Bishops of Liege. 

464. Koln. Rathszeichen. 
(Cappe 1293.) 

Obv. A crown separating 9 — A. B * VII>I * GOI^jSVXi * GOXiO * 
Rev. A cup separating 9 — A. BIBOT * GVM * Ti0FlQIK * (i. e. 
" Drink with gladness.") 

A token, as the reverse inscription would seem to indicate. 



78 



The Dated Eukopean Coinage Prior to 1501 



1498 

465. Sachsen. Groschen. 
(Saurma 4417.) 

Similar to No. 232. Usually called Schneeberger Zinsgroschen. 

466. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. 
(Kohler 3002.) 

Obv. John the Baptist standing. • MOH^riTC 8 NO — NO^DXiIH • 98 

Rev. The Imperial globe. * mTIXIMirilTffl' § SOM7IHOSV § 

467. Nordlingen. Half groschen. 

(Saurroa 1372.) 

Obv. Double eagle. * MOI^O^ o 1)0 V7T „ DOIfOIrll}© o 1X98. 

Rev. Armorial shield of the city. M7KIMi;ijI7riyVjS • SOM7EQOB 

468 . Brandenburg . Groschen . 

(Saurma 4680, 4684, 4686.) 

Similar to No. 437. There are half groschen of the same date. 

469. Brandenburg . Gold gulden. 

Similar to No. 449, with JX98 and ^XO^iai § X) 8 & — miSi^OX} 
8 fclJTEQ' 

470. Frankfurt a./M. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 432. 
(J. and F. 132.) 




471. Sitten. Thaler. 

(Schult, R. 4752. Madai 892. Reiminann 2778.) 

Obv. The Emperor Charlemagne seated, offering a sword to the 
bishop kneeling before him. * HIGOri7TV^ * 0£jS * £0aVH0I)jS - 
++ £1?0 + 0P + GO + J 498. 

Rev. The arms of the bishop, surmounted by a mitre, within a cir- 
cle of sixteen shields. 

Issued by Nikolaus Schiner, Bishop of Sitten (in the Canton of Wallis), from 

1496 to 1499. There are varieties with £0aVNI0NjS' 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 79 

472. Erfurt. Pfennig. 

Ob v. Armorial shield of the city with 98. 
Rev. Blank. 

473. Groningen. Double jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XIII : 86.) 

Obv. Long cross. Outer inscription: * jSOT * I>0 — M€[' * DI)I — 
S0I>0D — IG^VM. Inner inscription: TO)' * X) — I?' * ffiO — QQGK. 
— a VIII. 

Rev. Double eagle over diagonal shield of the city. * flftOI^TTI s 

474. Groningen. Double jager. 
(v. d. Chijs XIII : 87, 88, 89.) 

Obv. Long cross. 7ERIK> — XyOffiXX? — mGaaa — 2CGVIII. 
jBev. As No. 473. 

475. Groningen. Jager. 

(v. d. Chijs XIII : 90, 91, 92, 93.) 

Obv. Armorial shield of the city on short cross. * 7TI>I>0 t DOM- 
INI Iffil GGGG I XGVHI 
i?^. As No. 473. 

There are liards and plaks of the same date and type. 

476. Frisia. Thaler. 

(v. d. Chijs VI: 1.) 

Obv. Two lions holding a shield with a double eagle, a crown above 
and J498 below. * D0I o ©^7TGI7t o I?000jS o S0^N7OT o 

Rev. Quartered armorial shield of Saxony and Frisia. * 2TXiB0I?- 
rrVjS o DYX c jS7TK:ONI0 o 6VB o EBIjSI^ 

Frisia passed to the control of the Dukes of Saxony in the year 1090, and Albert, 
Margrave of Meissen, was the Governor from 1498 to 1506. 

477. Deventer. Florin d'or. 

(v. d. Chijs XI : 4.) 

Obv. Similar to No. 304, with the date *£98. 

Rev. Imperial globe in an ornamental frame. + ffi7CX3nWOGI7t- 

DVjs * BomTEpoirv * sets;. 

478. Utrecht. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XXI : 9, 10.) 

Obv . Cross with fleurs-de-lis in the angles. 7YI£QO — OOfl3II> — 

mGGGG — savin. 

Rev. Diagonal shields of Utrecht and Baden, with a helmet above. 
Vide note to No. 461. 



80 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

479. Brabant. Double briquet. Similar to No. 445. 

480. Gaez. Schilling. Similar to No. 325. 

481. Lippe. Mite or double pfennig. 
(Grote 59.) 

Obv. Ornamented cross with i. X. 9« 8 in the angles. ffiOI) I)OY 
Xi0M 00O. 

Rev. Shield with a rose in the centre. pOBIXi o setQlffiftl^O Xi 

Issued by Bern hard VII, Prince of Lippe from 1431 to 1511. 

This principality issued coins from the beginning of the thirteenth century, and 
there is mention of Lippenses denarii in 1275, 1294, and 1296. The mints were in- 
active for about fifty years during the fifteenth century and the coinage was resumed 
in 1498 with the coin here described. 

1499 

482. Lippe. Stuyver. 
(Grote 60.) 

Obv. Long cross with U R. 9. 9. in the angles. MOI>0 JROVTT Xi0M0 

Rev. Shield with a rose in the centre. 1)0:8 XXQjS * B^IOT^D 
* D.'* EDKe 8 

This and the preceding are the only dated coins of Lippe issued during the fif- 
teenth century. 

483. Deyenter. Stuyver. 
(v. d. Chijs XIII: 3.) 

Obv. Large shield over ornamented cross. 7IHH — DOM — IHI — 
J £99 

Rev. Double eagle over the diagonal shields of Deventer and Opper- 
sticht. * MOH0HD71 * HOV7I * X>0 * D7IV0H^^I7T. 

484. Zwolle. Double stuyver. 
(v. d. Chijs XVII: 3.) 

Obv. Quartered armorial shield on short ornamented cross. * 7THHO 

i domihi tm*o*o*o*os xoix s 

Rev. St. Michael under a canopy ; at his feet the quartered armorial 
shield, oo— 3' * MI0^7T^ — Xi * — £ — 7OTO' * 3WOXi' — i. e. Sanc- 
tus Michael Patronus Zwollensis. 

The stuyver of the same year is similar to No. 392 except that the obverse has a 
quartered shield over the ornamented cross, with the date <!>♦ OOOO * XOXSC* 

485. Groxixgen. Double jager. Similar to No. 473. 
(v. d. Chijs XIV: 98, 99.) 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 81 

486. Groningen. Stuyver. 

(v. d. Chijs XIV: 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105.) 

There are numerous minor varieties of both the stuyver and half 
stuyver of this year, all of the types of Nos. 473, 474, and 475. Some 
of the readings are: * mOI)^7Y + JROV - ©3?OI>II>00I>' , * mOT}0F 
* IK>V7T * - * ©i?OI?rQ0€['jS', and * AROINT . I^OVft - (£>^OX}I- 

487. Holland. Double briquet. Similar to No. 443. 
(v. d. Chijs XXII : 24, 25.) 

488. Holland. Double briquet. 
(v. d. Chijs XXII : 26.) 

Similar to No. 443, except that the obverse has a long ornamented 
cross instead of the fleece. 

489. Holland. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XXII: 29; XXIII: 30, 31, 43.) 

Obv. As No. 444. 

Rev. Similar to No. 443. 

The briquets of this year are similarly inscribed. 

490. Holland. Double briquet. 

(v. d. Chijs XXIII: 37, 38,44; XXIV: 45, 48.) 

Obv. Long ornamented cross. jSOT + I]Offi — 01? + X)X}1 — 3€(I}- 
0OIG — WVm 1X99. 

Rev. Similar to No. 443, but varieties occur reading: fROI^^F + 
POV7T + ftBCOCO + 7TVjS + OYX + B© + G + I? * 

491. Nimegue. Sou. Similar to No. 264. 

(v. d. Chijs I: 13.) 

492. Utrecht. Sou. 

(v. d. Chijs XXI: 11.) 

Obv. Short ornamented cross. * 70}IK> * DOCTMCRI * tf* * OQOO 99. 

Rev. Arms of the city. * *IK>' * ^$D * X>€[ * :87TO * €(^I * Tlf. 

493. Brabant. Florin d'or. 

(v. d. Chijs XXI : 4, 5.) 

Obv. St. Philip with sceptre and book, the quartered armorial shield 
below. jS7£QGnn€t o &Tt$ Iiyi^BO^O^ o #£?0 I?OBIJS *X99. 

jBev. Ornamented cross. ^jS X)€[I o ©Iffl o 7tSG^IOVX o 

Also called " Filips-gulden." There is a half of the same type. 



82 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



494. Brabaxt. Toison d'or, or gouden vlies. 

(v. d. Chijs XXV: 1.) 

Obv. Ornamental cross with the lion of Brabant in the centre. 
X)IXfIGIT0 I IVjSTIGITT I QVI I IVX)IG7TTIJS S TOOT I 1499. The 
last word is an abbreviation of "terrain." 

Rev. The ducal arms surrounded by the Order of the Golden Fleece, 
the latter held by two lions rampant. * -£T{& % O0I S (MOT % 71^0^0 



495. Brabant. Double briquet. 

Obv. Similar to No. 443, with date J £99. 
Rev. Similar to No. 445. 

496. Frankfurt a./M. Gold gulden. Similar to No 432. 

(Reimmann 881.) 





497. Bremen. Four groten. 

(Jungk 108-114. Reimmann 2250. Saurma 3370. Knyphausen 4644.) 

Obv. A large key. * flROI^TI * I>OV7I * B^0M0I>jSI^ * JX99. 
Rev. St. Peter seated on a throne, in one hand a key, in the other 
a book. Below, the armorial shield of Johann Rode. * IOIf jS * D0I 

Issued by Johann (III) Rode, Archbishop of Bremen from 1497 to 1511. 





498. Breisach. Dicken. 

Obv. Armorial shield of the city on a floriated cross in a compart- 
ment. * moists; I Bi?ijS7rG^i0i>iSijs * *&99 

Rev. The stoning of St. Stephen. * JS' * JSW€[:£I?7ERVjS I ^^O- 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 83 

499. Nordlingen. Half schilling. 

(Saurma 1373.) 

Similar to No. 458, with the date reading 99, and occasionally t-^99. 

500. Eimbeck. Kortling. 

(Knyphausen 5401.) 

Obv. The letter in a beaded circle. !KIK> 8 X)X}X 8 mGGGG. 
XGIX 8 * 

Rev. Same as obverse. mOI>0 8 I>OV7t 8 0^B0G 8 jSI? ° 

501. Sachsen. Gold gulden. 
(Saurma 4411.) 

Obv. The Imperial globe. CTaOI^WTI o IK>V7I o TLVS&R o Xil^'- 
CtQJSIJS o 99 

Rev. John the Baptist. 5^1 o TEE o IO . X) . . OYDY . jSTIXQIff . 

Issued at Leipzig by Friedrich III, Albrecht, and Johann of the Ernestinian main 
line. 

502. Sachsen. Grroschen. 
(Gotz 4106, etc.) 

Similar to No. 232. There are varieties with this date of Zins- 
groschen and Engelsgroschen. 

503. Hungary. Thaler. 
(Madai 310. Schult, R. 2352.) 

Obv. St. Ladislaus on a galloping horse, with the date * \ * 4 * 99 * 
below. JSTEQaWVjS — Xf7TX)IiSXi7IViS . B0X. 

Rev. Quartered arms of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Bohemia. SIKXR- 

There are varieties reading jS7THGnnVjS and dated J, X» 99* This coin was not 
struck but cast. 

504. Thann. Dicken. 

(Meyer 9000. Madai 2337.) 

Obv. Arms of the city on an ornamented cross. * £1201)0^71 * HO 
t rj\7ZI}I$X)&l& I JX99. 

Rev. St. Theobald seated, holding a staff. jS' * Hn^0OB7T - XiOVjS 
i 0^jS S 

Thann obtained minting privileges in 1387 but did not issue coins until 1418, 
and the mint was closed in 1628. 

505. Brandenburg. Grold gulden. 

(Saurma 1204.) 

Similar to No. 449, with * ffiOX?0' 8 I^OVTI 8 TIV^ 8 jSWOB7TGX} 
8 JX99 



84 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 



506. Namur. Patard. 
(Chalon 216.) 

Obv. Long cross. jSOT 8 X^Om^I? 8 X)X}1 8 setR^OiaWV 8 J&99. 

ifcw. Armorial shield. * £I?jS 8 D0I 8 0^71 8 TDQaiSCOV 8 7TVjS 

8 X)VX BY^ 8 GO 8 I>7T. 

507. Damm. Schilling. Similar to No. 456. 
(Saurma 4845.) 

508. Stettin. Schilling. 

Similar to No. 456, except that the obverse reads: O3OI>0 I)OV7I 
jOT€pfl. Til?. 99. 

509. Pommerania. Gold gulden. 

Obv. Quartered arms of Stettin -Pommern, Rugen, Giitzkow, and 
Usedom, on a long cross, the figures 99 above. • BO^jSXi — TIVjS • X) : 
— • OVX -jST — €[TII}€[ 

Rev. The Madonna holding a child. GOI^^VTI o — I?OJS • X)Q' 
•1)71. 

510. Freiburg (in Breisgau) . Dicken. 

(Meyer 8201.) 

Obv. Head of a raven. * ©JJOjSjSVjS I ^BIBVBG' » II? • SBIjS' 
*X99 

ifcw. Seated Madonna. 7YV0 J MTI^ — I7t * ©B7T * £' 

This town in the Duchy of Baden was built in 1118 and the coinage is traced to 
the middle of the fourteenth century. 




511. Colmar. Dicken. 

Obv. Eagle, a small shield of the city below. * MOI^TTI 8 IK>' o 
— OJjMTEQ t \R99 

Rev. St. Martin on horseback, bestowing alms. jS' * MTTIQTOC — X} 9 

* £7OT;qo 9 * 

The principal city of Upper Alsace ; it obtained the right of seigniorage from the 
Emperor Charles IV, in 1376. 

512. Braunschweig. Groschen. 

Obv. Bust of a Saint holding the model of a church in his right hand. 

o js7ERaTVjs Ttvowo^ mi 99 

Rev. Lion. * MOI^T7I o ;QOV7i; ° BBVI}jSWIG0I?jSIjS 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 85 





513. Basle. Dicken. 

(Haller 1509. Madai 2073. Reimmann 6028. Saurma 1751.) 
Obv. Armorial shield of the city, supported by two basilisks. MCXQ- 
0^71 8 STTjSrDietQjSIjS 11X99 * 

Rev. Madonna with child, standing on a crescent. 7TV0I MK^XK I 

— G>y$RQTR I £' 

514. Basle. Tournosgroschen. 

Obv. Armorial shield of city. * s O^OjSjSVjS 37rjSirfI0I?jSIJS8 99. 

Rev. Short cross. Outer inscription: * jS7IXiV0 * J?00i;R7r * 

rnijS0^IGO^DI0. Inner inscription : *£> — VXiO — 0X)O — VOT — 7T. 

515. Bbakdenbtjrg. Groschen. 

(Saurma 4682, 4691.) 

Oftv. Short cross with four shields in the angles. - ^BOX^^nHTT. 
TiXlXlO. X)OmiI>I. 1499. 

ifcw. Double eagle. * I07TG^I * 0rr TLTiS. mT^OTt. B^mQBIO. 

Issued by Joachim and Albrecht who were the Electors from 1499 to 1513. 
There were mints at Berlin, Frankfurt on the river Oder (and which must not be con- 
fused with Frankfurt on the river Main), Stendal, and Krossen, and these appear on the 
coins, e. g. flS/KCElO^ B^MI^I^IjS, etc. There are half groschen of the 
same type, and also groschen of Johann Cicero, similar to No. 437. 

1500 

516. Frisia. Stuyver. 

(v. d. Chijs VI : 5.) 

Obv. Long cross, with a star in each angle. Outer inscription: D0I 
*<£;£? — *RQTR * i? — 0€>€(jS * ^0 — 0I>7TI>T. Inner inscription: 

tow — x>.orai — i' ma — GGGG. 

i?ew. Double eagle over diagonal shield. * 70j:8TVjS * DVX * 
Fi&cfe note to No. 476. 

517. Stettin. Schilling. 

(Saurma 4848.) 

Similar to No. 456, except that the obverse reads: fD,OX}^ — IK>V7£ 

— $W0F — I' M. V. G 



86 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

518. Frisia. Double stuyver. 

(Reirnmann 9779.) 

Obv. Double eagle. * 0V80BOTTO' * BSIjSI * J 500. 
Rev. Short cross. Outer inscription. + €(X?' X)IGWV' * jSIHH * 
I?Om^ * X)X)1 * IXRI * X)€[I' * 11? V * 2CQI * Inner inscription: + 

TnQB'Tvjs * dvs * js7Es;o' * zd\ 

Fz^e note to No. 476. 

519. Utrecht. Florin d'or. 

(v. d. Chijs XXL: 6, 7 ; XXII: 9, 12.) 

Obv. Floriated cross with crowns and fleur-de-lis in the angles. 

ifei;. Similar to the obverse of No. 492. 

There is a derni florin d'or of this type, the obverse reading ffiO' * 

7iv I ^7tG I T;g7n:0aT US v^oeORO^ I isoo. 

The armorial shield below the figure of the Saint indicate that the coins were 
issued for Maestricht. The silver vlies and stuyver are of similar design, and vary but 
slightly in the lettering. 





520. Salzburg. Gold gulden. 

(Soothe 738. Reirnmann 353. Saurraa 851.) 

Obv. Quartered armorial shield with date \ 500 above. * Xi0OI>- 
7I^D 9 * 7I^G^I0^I * iS7IXiG30B 

Rev. St. Rupert standing, at his feet the arms of Keutschach. 

• jS7n}onn 9 ;hv — DB^nn 9 ^ v;s • 

Issued by Leonhardus von Keutschach, Archbishop of Salzburg from 1495 to 1519. 

521. Gottingen. Kortling. Similar to No. 26. 

(Saurma 3909.) 

522. Goslar. Groschen. 

Obv. Eagle. mOI^Wft * I>OV7I * OOjSIfTMff^I? * !700 (sic) . 
Rev. Standing Madonna with child. m7£#TR m7OT * 0^7tGI0. 
This town must have possessed early minting privileges, as there is mention in 
1088 of VIII libra s denariorum G-oslariensum. 

523. Deventer. Stuyver. Similar to No. 483, with date 1500. 
(v. d. Chijs XIII : 4.) 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 87 

524. Deventer. Piedfort. 
(v. d. Chijs XII: 25.) 

Obv. St. Lebuinus holding a sceptre or staff and below the diago- 
nally placed armorial shields of Deventer and Oppersticht. * jSOjS' * 
Zr^BVII) * J 500. 

Rev. In a compartment a large shield of Deventer, and to the left 
and right respectively smaller shields of Deventer and Oppersticht. 
CTK>' * IK>' * £>3 * okv^TIpOT * 

525. Nordlingen. Half schilling. Similar to No. 458. 

526. Nordlingen. Gold gulden. 

Obv. John the Baptist standing. MOI^T7I 8 I)OY' • — IK^iOIrl 8 
J500 

Rev. The Imperial globe. M7tK;iMiriI7rH 8 ^OM7TNO^H 8 *#$K 

527. Eimbeck. Kortling. 

(Knyphausen 5402.) 

Similar to No. 500, but the date reads £U 8 OOOO. 

528. Beandenbukg. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 449. 

(Reiromann 499. Saurma 1205.) 

529. Frankfurt a./M. Grold gulden. Similar to No. 432. 

(J. and F. 134. Saurma 2161.) 

530. Brandenburg. Groschen. 

(Saurma 4692, 4716. Farina 18.) 

Obv. Short cross with four shields in the angles. W.OX} — TZX}T}0 

— X)omi — i5oo. 

Rev. Double eagle. * lOTTCCRI. 0J}. 7TO8. ttm^QTi. SBTER. 

There are half groschen of the same type. Vide note to No. 515. 

The issues for Frankfurt read: 

Obv. mox} — n^7to — flos _ mvo. 

Rev. * lOTTOCRim. 7TOI>IO. 0Xr€(O. 6BTO. 

531. Sachsen. Gold gulden. Similar to No. 501. 

532. Sachsen. Thaler. 

(Reimmann 4433, 4435. Madai 484.) 

Obv. John the Baptist, the standing figure dividing the date 15— 00. 
MOH€[ — 7T^©0H — * — DVOV — jSTCSX). 

Rev. Quartered arms with helmet above. lE^ID — TOjS — 0^. 
IO — IpER. 

Some varieties have on the reverse I^ID — O^O^ — O I lOI^TTNN. 

Issued by Friedrich III, Albreeht, and Johann of the Ernestinian main line. 



88 The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 

533. Pommerania. Half Mark. 

Obv. Quartered arms on a long cross. BVX^jSXi — 7IVjS • OY — 
X • jST€[T — II? • m • V . G • 

ifet>. Madonna with child surrounded by rays. GOI?iS0^V7^ * — 
* DOjS DOffiII?7I 

There are varieties with the obverse reading: BV0^Xi7t — VjS o 
OVS • — JST3TTI — $X} • 1500 

534. Salzburg. Batzen. Similar to No. 520. 

(Saurrna 860.) 

These coins are frequently called " Riibener," or " Ruben Batzen," from the tur- 
nip in the armorial shield of the Archbishop. 

535. The Palatinate. Gold gulden. 

(Farina 2493. Reimmann 7565.) 

Obv. Three armorial shields in triangular position, with the letter 
£ above them. * ^TtlXiI^ 8 ^TTXi 3 #3 8 gXi^QW 8 im&Q 8 1500 

Rev. Madonna surrounded by rays, o 7TV0 8 ©I? 8 ^Xi€( — X}K 8 

Issued by Philip I, Elector Palatine from 1476 to 1508. 




536. Braunschweig. Groschen. 
Similar to No 512, with date 1700 (sic) . 

Braunschweig obtained the right of seigniorage before the thirteenth century, as 
there is a reference in the year 1204 to Sifridus et Henricus monetarii. 

537. St. G allen. Dicken. 

Obv. Eagle. JSftljaTVjS * OTIftimBVjS * 1500 

Rev. Standing bear. mOI^Tft * IX> « jS7TI}GTO 8 07110! * 

538. MtiHLHEiM. Groschen. Similar to No. 322. 
(Saurrna 2991.) 

539. Stolberg. Groschen. 

Obv. Floriated cross with armorial shields in the angles. * 03?OJS- 
£V;3 3 ROWjS 3 GOIT 3 13 $WKTi&$#(s> 3 1100. (sic) . 

Rev. Armorial shield with stag, a helmet above. If£3jS3I^3I3 
0P 3 BOOO 3 GO 3 I 3 JSTTBCiSell?® 

Issued by Henry VIII, Henry the Younger, and Botho. 



The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501 89 

540. Hungary. Thaler. 

Obv. Quartered arms of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Bohemia; at the 
sides KB0MOTZ (sic) and HHY^jSO, with inscription: * MOH0^7t * 
WXrTEOjSIrTn: * X> * © * S0<MjS * VH(^7T^I0 * J500. 

ifoy. St. Ladislaus on a galloping horse. jS7THarrVjS * Xi7TOI3Xi7r 



** 



Addenda 

1436 

33 # . Batenburg. Groschen. 

Obv. Short cross. Outer inscription : * 7TI>I}0 8 £>I}I' 8 ^DlXi^iSI- 
SftOGGGG 8 SSXYI Inner inscription : *MOI>€(rr:ZI 8 I>OV7T 8 D0 8 B7I 

ifev. Bust of the Emperor Charlemagne holding the model of a 
church in his right hand and the Imperial globe in his left ; a shield 
below. * HTO^CKOBIGVjS 8 — 8 S^OX}' — * . 

Dietrich II von Bronckhorst, Duke of Batenburg (1432-1451), copied the types 
of the groschen of Aachen. This probably unique coin is described in detail in the 
Blatter fur Munzfreunde, 1913, pp. 5370, 5371. 

J477 

183*. Bolsward. Escalin. Similar to No. 184, infra. 
(v. d. Chijs IV: 8.) 

1479 

208 # . Wolfhagen. Pfennig. 

Obv. The half-length figure of a Landgrave holding a sword in his 
right hand and the Imperial globe in his left. 7II)I}0 * X)X}1 * £I2GG- 
GGXiXXIK:. 

Rev. A tower with triple gateway ; over the centre door a human 
head and over each of the side entrances a banner. £1201)0^71 * WOXiIJ - 

This town obtained the right of seigniorage from Duke Henry I of Hessen, in 
1264, and in the following year a mint must have been in operation as there is refer- 
ence to a Conradus monetarius. The above described coin is probably unique, and 
there is no reference to any pieces having been struck here after the fifteenth century. 




MAP SHOWING THE TOWNS ISSUING COINS DATED BEFORE 1501 

The numerals show the year the first dated coins were issued in each town 



Index of Localities 

(Numbers with an asterisk [*] are in the supplementary list.) 



Aachen 1-3, 8-20, 329, 338, 353, 354, 371, 430 
Aix-la-Chapelle. Vide Aachen. 
Antwerp 165, 174, 181, 210, 225, 241, 245, 331, 
330, 387, 440 

Bacharach 33-35, 50, 51, 58, 62, 00, 77, 80, 81 

Baer 70 

Basle 356, 370, 404, 429, 513, 514 

Batenburg 33* 

Berne 369, 403, 414 

Biugen 27, 44, 57, 63, 68, 76 

Bolswarcl 87-89, 93, 108, 147, 154, 164, 170, 

183*, 184 
Bonn 83 
Brabant and Flanders 148, 155, 165, 174, 181, 

1S5, 205, 210, 211, 225, 241, 245, 267, 284, 

285, 298-300, 310, 331-333, 348, 387, 445, 

446, 462, 479, 493-495 
Brandenburg 224, 437, 449, 450, 468, 469, 505, 

515, 528, 530 
Braunschweig 512, 536 
Breisach 498 
Bremen 497 
Brussels 298 

Campen 198, 218, 308, 309 

Cleve 30, 166, 206, 207, 235, 259, 271, 282, 313, 

341, 385, 453 
Coblentz 32, 41, 45, 46, 60, 65, 79 
Colmar 511 
Cologne. Vide Koln. 

Damm 357, 367, 401, 415, 424, 436, 456, 507 

Deutz 237, 318, 321 

Deventer 112-115, 130, 131, 136, 141, 143, 152, 

172, 198, 199, 228, 304, 305, 308, 477, 483, 

523, 524 
Dordrecht 287 
Diiren 142 

East Frisia. Vide Frisia. 
Eimbeck 500, 527 
Erfurt 127, 422, 440, 472 

Flanders. Vide Brabaut. 



Franeker 273, 294, 303, 346, 361, 380 
Frankfurt a./M. 364, 398, 416, 428, 432, 451, 

470, 496, 529 
Freiburg. (Switzerland) 86. 
Freiburg in Breisgau 510 
Frisia 157, 167, 249, 315, 355, 476, 516, 518 

Garz 219, 317, 325, 368, 378, 480 

Gelderland. Vide Gueldres. 

Gorz 180 

Gottingen 26, 29, 116, 121, 213, 330, 337, 358, 
426, 521 

Goslar 522 

Graz 72, 96-98, 106, 123, 133, 134, 139, 145, 192, 
252, 263, 277, 291, 328, 347, 365, 402 

Groningen 37, 52-54, 84, 85, 90, 92, 99, 100, 102- 
104, 110, 122, 129, 137, 138, 146, 151, 156, 
163, 171, 177, 198, 242, 270, 278, 283, 301, 
302, 362, 363, 388, 473-475, 485, 486 

Gueldres 158-161, 168, 194, 212, 288, 312, 391, 
447 

Hamburg 454 

Hannover 236 

Hasselt 195, 203, 217, 230, 418 

Hessen 117-119, 125 

Hildesheim 345, 360, 379, 410, 419, 431 

Hochst 31, 47 

Holland 188, 200, 216, 227, 240, 246, 265, 266, 

281, 290, 295-297, 335, 336, 390, 413, 443, 

444, 487-490. 
Holy Koman Empire 91, 124, 128, 179, 223, 287 
Hungary 503, 540 

Jever 231, 324 
Jungheit 1-3 

Koln 22, 25, 28, 38, 64, 71, 349, 350, 412, 464 
Konigsee 408, 409 

Leeuwarden 149, 150, 292, 293, 393, 399 

Leipzig 178, 501 

Liege 43, 175, 190, 208, 226, 234, 248, 255-258. 

269, 279, 306, 307, 326 
Lippe 481, 482 



92 



The Dated Europe ax Coixage Prior to 1501 



Liittich. Vide Lieo-e. 

Maestricht 519 

Mainz 23, 39, 40, 340. 352. 375, 376, 405. 427, 

433 
Malines 299, 391 
Mors 215 
Miihleim 233, 253, 254, 322, 538 

Xabburg 50 
Xamur 463, 506 
Xeumarkt 442 
Xeuss 386 

Ximegue 105, 169, 264, 268, 280. 311, 334, 491 
Xordlingen 359, 381, 397, 417, 430, 434, 457. 
458, 466, 467, 499, 525, 526 

Ober-Sachsen. Vide Sachsen. 

Palatinate, The 24, 339, 373, 374, 406, 421, 425, 

435, 452, 535 
Pfalz-Mosbach 442 
Pommerania 377, 509, 533 

Riehl 36, 48, 49, 59, 61. 67, 73-75, 78, 82, 107 
Koermond 212 

Sachsen 94, 95, 109. Ill, 120, 126, 132, 162, 178. 

189, 214, 232, 319, 343, 382, 383, 407. 441, 

455, 465, 501, 502, 531, 532. 
St. Gallen 21, 537 



Salzburg 520, 534 

Schonforst and Sichem 4-7, oo, 56, 66 

Schwarzburg 408, 409 

Sichem. Vide Schonforst. 

Sitten 471 

Sneek 183, 389, 400 

Stettin 508, 517 

Stolberg 250, 372, 411, 539 

Styria 221, 238, 275, 320, 327, 344 

Sweden 193, 222, 316, 448 

Thann 504 

Treves. Vide Trier. 

Trier 42. 351 

Tyrol 196, 197, 260, 261, 274 

Utrecht 153. 173, 182, 186, 187, 201, 243, 244, 
247, 286, 394-396, 420, 461, 478, 492, 519 

Wernigerocle 250, 372, 411 

Wesel 272, 314, 323, 342, 384 

Wiener Xeustadt 101, 135, 140, 144, 176, 191, 

204, 220, 229, 239, 251, 262, 276, 289 
Wolfhagen 208* 
Wiirttemberg 423 
Wiirzburg 438 

Zutphen 202, 209 

Zwickau 178 

Zwolle 308, 392, 459, 460, 484 



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